未来最值得期待的六项医学突破：
2009年05月15日08:58 
　　据美国广播公司(ABC)报道，当提到一些有前途的医学突破时，在过去10年我们总会听到像男人避孕之类的话题，我们必须好好想想：我们留意过这个问题吗？对此，研究人员和专家给出了答案。

　　男人避孕

　　现状：我们最终的幻想是让男人生孩子。不过眼下，我们会在避孕方面从男人身上下手。欧洲制药公司已经研制出一种化学药品，可抑制产生精子的荷尔蒙。交配期的雄性老鼠吃了这种药后不再产生精子；当它们不再吃有避孕作用的奶酪时，精子的产生又恢复了。

　　更多好消息：欧洲研究人员发明了一种暂时性输精管切除术。医生不是剪断把精子输送到阴茎的输精管，而是植入一个把它们扎紧的夹子。纽约大学医学院产科学与妇科医学兼职教授曼尼·阿尔瓦雷兹(Manny Alvarez)博士说：“可以把它看作男人的宫内节育器(IUD)。”

　　前景：5年内研制出男用口服避孕药。科学家们正在研究一种适用于人类的处方，它将在提交到美国食品与药物管理局审批前进行临床试验。这种夹子有望一年后在美国上市：目前，它正在进行人类临床试验以确定在取出夹子后精子能够恢复流动。

　　艾滋病疫苗

　　现状：25年多来，科学家们一直在努力寻找治疗艾滋病的方法，但很不幸一直没有找到。国际艾滋病疫苗行动组织(International AIDS Vaccine Initiative，IAVI)首席卫生干事帕特里夏·法斯特说：“每当艾滋病病毒传播时，它都经历了小小的变化。”这意味着世界上没有两个人感染一模一样的HIV，从而使得研制一种普遍适用的疫苗几乎不太可能。但如果我们能防止人类全部感染怎样呢？它就是世界各地高校、私人研究所、政府和国际艾滋病疫苗行动组织正在进行的30多项人类临床试验的目标。

　　因为利用由一种被杀死或被削弱的HIV制成的疫苗并不安全(就像科学家利用流感病毒那样)，法斯特说：“研究参与者被注入在所有种类的HIV中存在的病毒的少量基本成分。”那样，你的身体可以学会如何在你不生病的前提下击退它。那么，如果你真的接触到艾滋病病毒，你的免疫系统就会识别这种病毒并进行有效抵御。

　　前景：不明。一种疫苗一旦进入后期试验，将需要差不多5年的时间来确定它是否有可能成功。在那之后，还需要在审批之前进行更多的试验。

　　无安全套性病预防

　　现状：不管有没有螺纹，安全套并不是为了人们的快乐而存在的。但如果你能在没有安全套的情况下预防性病怎样呢？一种新的阴道润滑剂(商标：Amphora)包住你的阴道壁，能杀死碰触到的性病细菌，留下身体天然的细菌。在性交12个小时前用一种包裹子宫颈的装置插入，能起到双重避孕作用。Amphora的问世对全世界那些配偶不用安全套的女性来说将是重要的一刻。试验Amphora的Instead公司的首席医疗官阿尔弗雷德·什哈塔(Alfred Shihata)博士说：“最后它将把预防性病的重任交到女人的手上。”

　　前景：3年。临床试验估计还需要两年的时间。如果它们成功的话， 一种预防性病的产品有望到2011年获得美国食品与药物管理局的批准。

　　女用伟哥

　　现状：10年来，男人们吃了一种药就能帮助勃起。但愿，很快也能有唤起女性性欲的药物。德国制药公司勃林格殷格翰(Boehringer Ingelheim)已研制出flibanserin，它通过减少大脑中唤起性欲的感受体的5-羟色胺来发挥作用。 弗吉尼亚大学精神病学与神经行为科学教授安尼塔·克莱顿(Anita Clayton)博士说：“5-羟色胺抑制了刺激性欲的多巴胺。通过减少该感受体的5-羟色胺，我们就能让多巴胺出来发挥它的作用。”

　　前景：2年之内。这种药的临床试验预计将于今年年底完成，这意味着它可能在2009年年底接受美国食品与药物管理局的审批。

　　无针血糖测试

　　现状：如果你是美国2100万糖尿病患者中的一员，象查看电子邮件一样频繁地查血糖老实说可能是一种痛苦。不久，一种新的隐形眼镜有望取代扎手指。这种也能矫正视力的隐形眼镜包含一种光子晶体，光子晶体会随着眼泪中葡萄糖含量的增加或减少而改变颜色。朝镜子里扫一眼就能知道你的血糖情况。参加这种隐形眼镜测试的匹兹堡大学化学教授桑福德·亚瑟(Sanford Asher)说：“这项技术不需流血，没有疼痛，还能让你持续监测自己的葡萄糖含量。”

　　前景：4年。亚瑟说：“我们正加快步伐进入临床试验，临床试验可能需要2年的时间。”美国食品与药物管理局的审批估计还需要1-2年的时间。

　　更简单的癌症治疗

　　现状：虽然癌症的治愈仍是可望而不可及，但科学家们正着手解决治疗带来的有害副作用—疲乏、恶心、脱发。南达科他州立大学药学系教授马雷克·马勒齐(Marek Malecki)博士说：“当前所有的治疗(化疗、放射治疗和手术)连同癌细胞一起消灭了健康的细胞，从而产生副作用。

　　我们是遗传工程抗体(免疫系统用来识别、消灭细菌和其它外来物的蛋白质)，在留下健康细胞的同时锁定肿瘤。”这些抗体—每种癌症的抗体都不同—会通过一系列的注射给予。最近，马勒齐在老鼠身上试验了乳腺癌和卵巢癌抗体，他说：“到目前为止，试验很成功。”

　　前景：3-5年。马勒齐和他的小组正准备按比例增加乳腺癌和卵巢癌抗体的生产用于人类临床试验。如果结果好的话，它应该会在两年内提交美国食品与药物管理局进行审批。

　　值得等待：

　　医学突破在它们服务大众之前一般需要花费几年的时间—有时候是几十年。了解一组有关这些历史上有名的革新的背景故事：

　　伟哥：7年

　　最初，英国研究人员于1991年取得了伟哥的专利权—作为一种心脏病药。到1994年，当患者开始谈论这种药神奇的勃起作用时，他们意识到这种药还有其它某种作用。1998年3月27日，美国食品与药物管理局批准用它治疗勃起功能障碍，也是鲍勃·多尔(Bob Dole)一生中最开心的日子。

　　脊髓灰质炎疫苗：21年

　　1934年，科学家们没能成功地用猴子的脊髓制成疫苗。1952年，在数次临床试验失败后，乔纳斯·萨尔克(Jonas Salk)试验了一种利用该病毒死亡形式的疫苗。它于1955年获得了普遍推广使用的批准，及时帮助战胜了美国的一次疾病大爆发。

　　口服避孕药：24年

　　1941年，化学教授拉塞尔·马克(Russell Marker)利用在墨西哥野生薯芋中发现的一种化合物制成了合成黄体酮。他的发明为口服避孕药的诞生奠定了基础，该药于1960年获得美国食品与药物管理局的批准。不过，在美国女性被准许使用它之前花费了5年的时间和联邦最高法院的一项裁决。谢谢，玛格丽特·桑格！

　　人乳头状瘤病毒疫苗：26年

　　上个世纪80年代初，德国科学家哈拉尔德·祖·霍森(Harald zur Hausen)锁定了多数子宫颈癌的起因—某种人乳头状瘤病毒。不过，科学家花了20年的时间才找到如何预防这种感染。2006年，美国食品与药物管理局批准这种疫苗用于9到26岁女孩。

　　准分子激光手术：40年

　　1950年，哥伦比亚眼科医师何塞·巴拉奎(Jose Barraquer)开始在患者的角膜里切除薄薄的组织，以改善它们的形状帮助矫正视力。但直到激光成为主流这套手术程序才能达到完美。40年后，美国科学家开创了准分子激光手术。(秋凌 来源：新浪科技)

Look forward to the future of the six most medical breakthroughs:
At 8:58 on May 15, 2009
According to ABC (ABC) reported that, when referred to a number of promising medical breakthrough in the last 10 years like a man we can always hear the topics like contraception, we must carefully think about: We pay attention to this problem? In this regard, researchers and experts are given the answer.

Men contraception

Current Situation: We are the ultimate fantasy is to have children of men. But at the moment, we will be men of contraception from the start. European pharmaceutical companies have developed a chemical, inhibits sperm-producing hormones. Mating period, male rats ate the drug is no longer produced after the sperm; when they no longer have a contraceptive effect of eating cheese, the sperm have also resumed.

More good news: The European researchers invented a temporary vasectomy. Doctors rather than cut the transmission of sperm to the penis of the vas deferens, but implantation of a truss clamp them. New York University School of Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology曼尼阿尔Varese part-time professor (Manny Alvarez), said: "It can be seen as a man's IUD (IUD)."

Prospects: 5 years of oral contraceptives male developed. Scientists are studying a prescription for mankind, it will be submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for approval prior to clinical trials. This clip is expected to one year after the listing in the United States: At present, its ongoing human clinical trials to determine the clamp removed after the flow of sperm can be restored.

AIDS Vaccine

The status quo: more than 25 years, scientists have been trying to find ways to treat AIDS, but unfortunately has not been found. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, IAVI) Chief Health Officer Patricia Belfast, said: "Every time the spread of HIV, it has undergone little change." This means that the world does not exactly the same two people infected with HIV, resulting in the development of a vaccine is almost universally applicable unlikely. But if all we can to prevent human infection do? It is all over the world universities, private research institutes, Government and the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative more than 30 ongoing clinical trials of human goals.

Because of the use by a weakened or killed HIV vaccine is not made of safety (like the use of influenza virus, as scientists), Belfast said: "The study participants were injected in all types of the virus HIV exists small number of basic components. ", as your body can learn how sick you do not repel it under the premise. So, if you really come into contact with HIV, your immune system will identify the virus and effectively resist.

Prospects: unknown. Once the advanced stage of a vaccine trial will require almost 5 years to determine whether it is likely to succeed. After that, before approval is also necessary to carry out more tests.

Without condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases

The status quo: with or without thread, condoms are not the people's happiness in order to exist. However, if you can in the absence of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases case what? A new vaginal lubricant (trademark: Amphora) around your vaginal wall, can touch the sexually transmitted diseases to kill bacteria, leaving the natural bacteria in the body. In the 12 hours before sexual intercourse with a cervical device package insert, can play a dual role of contraception. The advent of Amphora spouses around the world who do not have female condoms will be an important moment. Instead of test Amphora's chief medical officer什哈塔Alfred (Alfred Shihata), said: "Finally, the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, it will important task to the woman's hands."

Prospects: 3 years. Clinical trials, the estimated time needed for two years. If they are successful, a product of the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in 2011 is expected to receive U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval.

Female Viagra

Status: 10 years, men will be able to take a drug to help erectile. I hope, soon be able to arouse the female libido drugs. German pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim (Boehringer Ingelheim) has developed flibanserin, it is by reducing the brain to arouse feelings of sexual desire body 5 - HT to play a role. University of Virginia psychiatry and behavioral sciences and professor of neurological Clayton Anita (Anita Clayton), said: "5 - hydroxytryptamine inhibition of dopamine to stimulate sexual desire. By reducing the feelings of the body 5 - serotonin, dopamine, we will be able to let out play its role. "

Prospects: 2 years. Clinical trials of such drugs is expected to be completed by the end of this year, which means that it may be accepted at the end of 2009 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval.

Needle-free blood sugar testing

The status quo: If you are the United States 21 million diabetic patients in one, like check your email frequently as honest investigation of blood glucose may be a pain. Soon, a new finger contact is expected to replace the bar. This can also include contact lens corrected visual acuity of a photonic crystal, photonic crystals as the glucose content of tears in the increase or decrease the color change. North Korea can be a mirror So know that your blood sugar situation. To participate in such contact lens tested symphorien professor of chemistry at the University of Pittsburgh德亚瑟(Sanford Asher) said: "This technology without bloodshed, there is no pain, but also allows you to continuously monitor their glucose."

Prospects: 4 years. Arthur said: "We are speeding up the pace of clinical testing, clinical trials may take up to 2 years." United States Food and Drug Administration required the approval of the estimated 1-2 years.

Cancer treatment easier

Status: Although the cancer cure is still elusive, but scientists are working to resolve the treatment of harmful side effects - fatigue, nausea, hair loss. South Dakota State University professor of medicine马雷克马勒Qi (Marek Malecki), said: "At present all of the treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery), together with the elimination of cancer cells with healthy cells, resulting in side effects.

We are genetically engineered antibodies (immune system to identify, kill germs and other foreign objects protein), leaving healthy cells in the tumor at the same time lock. "These antibodies - antibodies for each cancer are different - will be given through a series of injections. Recently, the Mahler-pronged test in mice the antibodies in breast and ovarian cancer, he said:" So far, the test was successful. "

Prospects :3-5 years. Mahler Qi and his team are preparing to increase the proportion of breast and ovarian cancer produce antibodies for human clinical trials. If the outcome is good, it should be submitted within two years, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for approval.

Worth the wait:

Medical breakthroughs before they serve the public in general need to spend years - sometimes decades. Understanding of a group of well-known of these innovations in the history of the background story:

Viagra: 7 years

Initially, the British researchers in 1991, Viagra has been the franchise - as a heart drug. By 1994, when talking about the drug in patients with erectile role of magic, they become aware of this drug in some other role. March 27, 1998, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved it in the treatment of erectile dysfunction as well as Bob Dole (Bob Dole) life the happiest day.

Polio vaccine: 21 years

In 1934, scientists have not succeeded in using vaccines made from monkey spinal cord. In 1952, after several failed clinical trials,乔纳斯萨尔克(Jonas Salk) test a form of use of the death of the vaccine virus. In 1955 it has been generally to promote the use of the approval of the United States in time to help overcome a major outbreak of disease.

Oral contraceptives: 24 years

In 1941, Professor of Chemistry拉塞尔马克(Russell Marker) use of wildlife in Mexico薯芋found a compound made of a synthetic progesterone. His invention of the birth of oral contraceptives for the foundation, the drug in 1960, the United States Food and Drug Administration approval. However, in the United States women are allowed to use it to spend the 5 years prior to the time and a decision of the Federal Supreme Court. Thank you, Margaret Sanger!

Human papilloma virus vaccine: 26 years

The last century, the early 80s, the German scientist Harald祖霍森(Harald zur Hausen) lock the majority of the causes of cervical cancer - a human papilloma virus. However, the scientists took 20 years to find how to prevent this infection. In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the vaccine for girls aged 9-26.

Excimer laser surgery: 40 years

In 1950, Colombia拉奎ophthalmologist Dr Sebastian (Jose Barraquer) in patients with resection of the cornea in a thin body shape to help improve their vision correction. But it was not until this set of laser surgery procedures become the mainstream in order to achieve perfection. 40 years later, U.S. scientists created the excimer laser surgery. (Autumn Ling Source: Sina Technology)