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知识产权保护利于名老中医经验传承
来源∶中医药报 2010年7月10日
□刘春辉 上海中医药大学知识产权研究中心
中医药是我国重要的卫生资源，对中华民族的生存发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。而今，我国人口规模已经达到13亿，老龄群体不断扩大，人们的健康观念逐渐变化，人民群众对多层次、多形式医疗服务的需求持续增长。另一方面，基本医疗保障制度并未普及，人民群众看病难、看病贵的问题突出。这一矛盾已经成为影响社会和谐的一个因素。中医药素以“简、便、验、廉”闻名于世，中医药的可持续发展对于缓解紧张的医疗供需矛盾，服务于群众健康，构建和谐社会具有重要的意义。
名老中医经验是中医药发展的宝贵财富
中医药知识体系是历代医家经验不断累积的成果，是集体智慧的结晶，中医理论来源于前人的实践经验。经验被提炼形成理论，后人又在理论的指导下进行临床实践，继而形成新的经验，再不断丰富理论。正是在这样“滚雪球”式的过程中，中医知识体系不断壮大、完善。一些医家由于在实践过程中认真总结经验，用心提炼，甚至创设了自成一体的理论体系，形成了自己的学派，对后世影响深远。可以说，医者的经验是中医药创新的重要来源。名老中医经验由于经受了实践的检验，更是具有高含金量的宝贵知识财富，是中医药知识创新的重要表现形式。正是在中医从业者世代的传承过程中，中医知识体系不断得到充实和丰富。
知识产权保护是名老中医经验传承的保障
从业者经验传承的质量，直接决定了中医药知识体系的质量和完善程度。名老中医的经验传承，历来是政府和学界关注的重点。近年来，从国家到地方，很多科研项目都对此研究进行了资助。
研究者的关注点集中于名老中医经验传承的模式、内容和方法等，重点在名老中医经验的整理、挖掘和师承模式等方面。这些研究立足学科或行业，研究专注于经验传承本身，但对于传承过程中产生的利益冲突该如何调整鲜有涉及。就名老中医对中医知识体系贡献的挖掘和评价不足，突出不够，在传承过程中名老中医应享有的权益没有得到体现。
由于历史局限等多方面的原因，一些宝贵的经验没有传承下来。中医行业曾经普遍存在“藏私”的现象，“教会徒弟饿死师傅”的信条阻碍了知识的传承。一些十分宝贵的行医心得和经验也在“传子不传女”的陋习中失传。这固然与从业者观念和自身原因有关，但也和从业者权益保障不健全的大环境分不开。由于利益保障措施缺失，名老中医传承的内在动力不足，因此无论采取何种传承方式，都很难避免经验传承的“递减性”现象，这一现象已经成为中医发展的障碍。因此，完善中医知识体系的知识产权保护，维护名老中医在中医经验传承过程中的权益保障是必不可少的。甚至可以说，名老中医权益的完善保障，是名老中医经验完整传承的前提和基础。
应保护协调特定智力成果的利益关系
名中医经验的传承，不应仅仅是将其经验保存下来、形成文字，对其经验的理解吸收和提炼升华更应成为传承过程的重点内容。这个过程需要名老中医无私的配合。现今，虽然中医药从业者的生存状况比以前有了明显的改善，但是由于名医经验的形成凝聚了名老中医的诸多心血，名老中医理应获得精神上和财产上的回报。
作为智力成果的一种，名医经验的无形性特点使得对其占有、使用、收益与有形物有明显的不同。调整特定智力成果的利益关系是知识产权制度的天职，知识产权制度不但可以保证权利人的经济利益还可以维护其精神利益。因此，经验传承过程中维护名老中医权益，激发名老中医经验传承的内在动力，知识产权制度必不可少。
正如2008年《国家知识产权战略纲要》所要求的“建立健全传统知识保护制度。扶持传统知识的整理和传承，促进传统知识发展。完善传统医药知识产权管理、保护和利用协调机制，加强对传统工艺的保护、开发和利用”。一定要在名老中医经验传承过程中，充分发挥知识产权保护的作用。
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Protection of intellectual property benefit of experience, famous traditional Chinese
Source: Traditional Chinese Medicine reported July 10, 2010
□ The Deep Shanghai Intellectual Property Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Chinese medicine is an important health resources, survival and development of the Chinese nation has made an indelible contribution. Today, the size of our population has reached 1.3 billion, the elderly population growing, the concept of gradual change in people's health, the people of the multi-level form of continued growth in demand for medical services. On the other hand, the basic medical insurance system is not popular, people see a doctor you of the problem. This contradiction has become one of the factors that affect social harmony. Chinese medicine known as "Jane, will, experience, and honesty," is famous for the sustainable development of Chinese medicine for easing tension between supply and demand for medical services in public health, building a harmonious society is of great significance.
Experience is the name of the old Chinese medicine a valuable asset in the development of Chinese medicine
Ancient Chinese medicine knowledge is accumulating experience of physicians the results of collective wisdom, Chinese medicine theory comes from previous experience. Experience has been distilled into theory, theory of posterity again under the guidance of clinical practice, followed by the formation of new experiences, then enrich theory. It is in this "snowball" type of process, the Chinese system of knowledge is constantly growing, improving. As the number of physicians in practice seriously sum up experience, refined heart, or even create a self-contained theoretical system, formed their own school, far-reaching impact on future generations. Can be said that the experience of doctor of Chinese medicine is an important source of innovation. Name of clinical experience has stood the test of practice because, even with high gold content of the valuable wealth of knowledge, knowledge of Chinese medicine is an important form of innovation. It is in Chinese medicine practitioners in the transmission of generations, Traditional knowledge systems be strengthened and enriched.
Chinese intellectual property protection is the name of the old experience of heritage protection
Practitioners of experience, quality, directly determines the quality of Chinese medicine knowledge and sophistication. Experience of the distinguished Chinese heritage, has always been the focus of government and academia. In recent years, from national to local, many research projects have been funded this research.
Researcher's attention focused on the experience of famous traditional Chinese mode of transmission, content and methods, with emphasis on clinical experience were finishing, mining and teacher to model and so on. These studies based on discipline or industry, experience and focus on their own heritage, but heritage of conflict of interest generated in the process, how to adjust rarely involved. Traditional Chinese medicine on the name of the old system of knowledge contribution to the evaluation of the excavation and lack of prominent enough in the transmission of the old TCM should enjoy the rights have not been reflected.
Due to historical limitations, and many other reasons, some valuable experience not. Chinese industry has been widespread, "everything he knows" phenomenon, "the church master apprentice starved to death" doctrine prevented the transmission of knowledge. Some very valuable practice and experience are "sons not daughters," the habits of lost. This is of course related to the concept of practitioners and their own reasons, but it also does not protect the interests of practitioners and a sound environment inseparable. As the interests of the lack of security measures, were old enough Chinese heritage of the internal drive, so no matter what form of succession is difficult to avoid the memory of the "regressive" and that this phenomenon has become an obstacle to the development of TCM. Thus, perfect knowledge of Chinese intellectual property protection, maintenance of old TCM in the Chinese experience in the transmission of rights protection is essential. Can even be said, were perfect to protect the interests of the old Chinese medicine, is the name of clinical experience the full heritage of the premise and foundation.
Coordination should be to protect the interests of specific relationship between intellectual
Chinese experiences were the inheritance, not merely to preserve their experience to form a text, the understanding of their experiences to absorb and refine the process of sublimation should be the focus of heritage content. This process is unselfish with the old TCM. Today, Chinese medicine practitioners in the living conditions improved markedly than before, but because of clinical experience in the formation of an embodiment of many famous traditional Chinese efforts, were the old Chinese medicine should be given moral and property returns.
As a kind of intellectual work, clinical experience of the intangible characteristic makes its possession, use, income and physical properties are quite different. Adjust the specific intellectual interests is the bounden duty of the intellectual property system, the intellectual property system can not only ensure the economic interests of rights holders can also safeguard the interests of its spirit. Experience, therefore, the transmission of the famous traditional Chinese interests to maintain and stimulate memory of the famous traditional Chinese internal motivation, intellectual property rights is indispensable.
As in 2008, "Outline of National Intellectual Property Strategy" required "to establish a sound system of protection of traditional knowledge. To support the collation and transmission of traditional knowledge, promote the development of traditional knowledge. Perfect traditional medicine intellectual property management, protection and use of coordination mechanisms to strengthen traditional technology protection, development and use. " Must be in the name of clinical experience in the transmission, give full play to the role of intellectual property protection.
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