|
大山背后的啼哭声——四川凉山艾滋病致孤儿童调查
来源：新华网 2011年05月10日20:49
新华网成都5月10日电 （记者白旭 余里）春天的午后，太阳已经很晒，但是四川南部凉山彝族自治州的有些土坯房里面还十分阴暗。
阿牛呷玛的屋子里空荡荡的，只有两张床、一个破旧的柜子和几个木凳。三个孩子一边玩耍一边啃着烤土豆。他们的衣服上满是泥土，一旁的草垫子上丢着他们唯一的玩具一个破旧的毛绒玩具熊。
“我现在活着的目的，就是要把他们拉扯大。”60岁的阿牛呷玛说。她住在昭觉县的竹核乡，她是这三个孩子的奶奶。
孩子们分别是六岁、五岁和三岁。他们的父母都死于当地流行的艾滋病。
阿牛呷玛和三个孤儿
阿牛呷玛37岁开始守寡，独自养大了两个儿子和两个女儿。
“好不容易他们大了，我以为能过上好日子了，可儿子开始偷家里的东西。”她叹了口气，回忆说。
她的孩子偷钱是为了买毒品。
2002年的一次筛查中，她的四个孩子全被发现感染上了艾滋病。此后的五年中，他们相继去世。
现在阿牛呷玛和她的三个孙女靠每月408元的低保过活。有时好心的邻居会给她一些土豆，当地民政局给她一些被子。
房子是昭觉县卫生局2004年帮她建的。一根房梁已经断了，下雨的时候屋子会漏。
阿牛呷玛说她最痛苦的是孩子们看到邻居小孩吃糖果或穿新衣服时会拉住她问：爸爸妈妈哪里去了，为什么不给买好吃的东西和漂亮的衣服。
“我不知道怎么回答，”她哽咽了，用手抹去眼角的泪，“有时候我夜里睡不着，看着这几个孩子，就在想，我要是死了他们可怎么办啊！”
阿牛呷玛家门后面的墙上挂着一个木相框，照片上一个女人站在水池边。邻居悄悄说那就是她的女儿，但是照片上人的脸被遮住了。
大山深处的痛
地处四川西南的凉山彝族自治州面积6万余平方公里，总人口473万。州府所在地西昌是中国的航天基地之一，2007年曾发射过“嫦娥一号”卫星。
凉山以艾滋病的蔓延闻名。2010年12月1日世界艾滋病日，中国国务院总理温家宝就曾到那里去看望感染者。从1995年第一例被发现到去年底，凉山累计报告艾滋病感染者21565例。
四川省疾控中心副主任杨文说，吸毒是那里艾滋病的主要传播途径。虽然政府对贩毒吸毒采取了十分严厉的打击措施，但还不能完全解决问题。
“由于当地婚前性行为比较普遍，性传播也是一个重要的途径。”杨文说。
因此，凉山的艾滋病感染者当中，青壮年占了很大比例。一旦他们病发离世，留下来的孩子只能由老人抚养。
根据民政部儿童福利处陈鲁南的介绍，凉山有大约8000名孤儿。由于统计的困难，他很难说清艾滋病致孤儿童的数量，但可以肯定，艾滋致孤的孩子占当地孤儿中很大比例。
中华红丝带基金副秘书长叶大伟告诉记者，他曾从凉山州政府处获悉全州有约三千名艾滋致孤儿童。但是当地独特的习俗规定，如果父亲去世母亲改嫁后，孩子是不跟着母亲一起生活的。“这样算下来实际孤儿的数量可能会更大。”他说。
政府向艾滋致孤儿童提供了补贴。陈鲁南说，国家和地方政府的补贴数额加起来是每人每月600元。当地很多家庭年收入只有两三千元，因此这一补贴并不是小数目。
不过并非所有孤儿都能拿到这笔钱，因为钱是按照户口发放，而很多孩子没有户口，比如阿牛呷玛家的三个孩子。
另外，凉山州民政局副局长黄正才告诉记者，全州还有大约2000名单亲的受艾滋病影响儿童。“他们不是孤儿没有这笔补贴，”他说，“我们正在考虑通过纳入低保等方式解决他们的生活问题。”
栋梁班的孩子们
一些非政府组织在帮助艾滋致孤儿童方面也做了很多工作。
在昭觉县，全国工商联下属的红丝带基金资助了一个栋梁班，14岁的阿日莫呷（化名）就是这个班上的一个学生。
“我现在家里只剩下一个弟弟和76岁的奶奶了。”她说。阿日莫呷看上去很开朗，但她说，父母刚刚去世时自己很抑郁。
“我不喜欢看到别的孩子和他们的父母在一起，”她说着眼圈就红了，“我认识的孩子中，有的没有了爸爸，有的没有了妈妈，我却爸爸妈妈都不在了”。
而在栋梁班里，阿日莫呷见到了很多像她一样的孩子，比如13岁的曲比阿作（化名）。
“在过去，我不开心的时候会到妈妈的坟前哭，对着她的照片说话。”曲比阿作哽咽着说。现在她会和同学们写信说心里话。
“他们在回信中会对我说，忘了过去，争取今后过得更好。”她说。
这个班2006年成立，现在有43名学生，其中18个是艾滋致孤儿童。班主任、26岁的某色吾沙说，他们的学费是全免的。
红丝带基金计划今年在凉山再建三个这样的栋梁班，接收150到160名孩子。
但是令人更担心的是学龄前的孩子。
“他们的救助款是给监护人的，可是谁能保证监护人一定把这笔钱花在孩子身上？”叶大伟说，他曾听说过有监护人用孩子的救助款吸毒的例子。
因此，红丝带基金还打算建一个儿童村，抚养这些孩子直到他们能够上学。
大龄儿童也是一个问题。“彝族孩子结婚比较早，很多都是十几岁，”叶大伟说，“结婚以后家里可能会让他们出去打工。”
联合国儿童基金会在凉山开展了一个针对大龄儿童的技能培训。从2007年开始，儿基会和当地民政部门一共为200多名儿童提供了缝纫、驾驶、美发、计算机等方面的技能培训。
项目官员许文青说，当地民政部门还帮助这些受过培训的孩子联系就业。
“我们可能无法消除这些孩子失去父母的伤痛。”她说，“我们能做的就是争取让他们今后生活得更好。”
更多的工作要做
事实上，凉山还有更多的工作要做。比如，目前还没有人能够帮助生活在昭觉县竹核乡的61岁的吉克拉比。
老人的儿媳曾结过一次婚，前夫死于艾滋病，而她儿媳后来也发现自己被感染了。
“听到这事儿，我儿子一气之下离家出走。”吉克拉比回忆说。她的儿媳后来也外出打工，从此音讯全无。
小两口有两个孩子三岁的男孩和一岁多的女孩。不知什么原因，男孩一出生下肢就没有知觉。
“要是有好心人能帮我们治好孩子的腿，我就死而无憾了。”老人痛苦地说。
当被问到今后怎么给孩子讲他们的妈妈时，吉克拉比犹豫了。“他们长大了，慢慢会忘记妈妈的。”她说。
就在她说话的时候，正蹒跚学步的小孙女摔倒了，“妈妈。”她哭着大叫。
作者：白旭 余里
艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复
 |
| 图示∶2010年12月即将出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构 |
| |
|
|
Wails behind the mountains - Sichuan Liangshan survey of children orphaned by AIDS
Source: Xinhua at 20:49 on May 10th, 2011
CHENGDU May 10 (Xinhua Bai Xu Yu Lane) spring afternoon, the sun has been very drying, but the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in southern Sichuan, adobe houses, some of which is still very dark.
Mary's house sipping bull empty, and only two beds, a cupboard and a few old wooden bench. Three children while playing gnawing roast potatoes. Their clothes full of mud, straw tick on the side only lost their old stuffed toys, a teddy bear.
"I live the purpose, it is to their bringing up." Sipping 60-year-old bull she said. She lives in Zhaojue County Zhuhe Township, she was the grandmother of three children.
The children were six, five and three years old. Their parents died in the AIDS pandemic.
Mary and the three orphans sipping bull
Bull sipping Mary was widowed 37 years old, alone, raised two sons and two daughters.
"Finally out of them, I think a better life, and can start to steal home, it son." She sighed, recalls.
Her children to steal money to buy drugs.
The first screening in 2002, her four children were all found to be infected with the AIDS virus. After five years, they have died.
Now sip bull Mary and her three granddaughters of the subsistence allowances by 408 yuan per month to live. Sometimes well-meaning neighbors will give her some potatoes, some of the local Civil Affairs Bureau to her quilt.
House is Zhaojue County Health Board in 2004 to help her built. A beam had broken, the house will leak when it rains.
Bull sipping the most painful she said she saw the kids eat candy or neighbor kids wear new clothes pulled when she asked: Where are the parents, why not give to buy delicious food and beautiful clothes.
"I do not know how to answer," she choked out, his hands wipe away the tears, "Sometimes I can not sleep at night, watching his children, but just think, if I died, how they can do ah!"
Ma house behind the bull sipping a wood frame wall, the picture of a woman standing on edge of a pool. Neighbors whispered that her daughter, but the picture the Master's face was covered.
Pain deep in the mountains
Located in the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of southwest Sichuan area of 6 thousand square kilometers, with a total population of 4.73 million. Xichang is the state capital where one of China's space base in 2007, was fired "Chang'e I" satellite.
Liangshan is known to the spread of AIDS. 1 December 2010 World AIDS Day, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao to visit infected people had to go there. From the first case was discovered in 1995 to the end of Liangshan total of 21,565 cases of AIDS reported.
Yang, deputy director of Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control, said drug use is where the main mode of transmission of AIDS. Although the Government adopted a very strict drug trafficking and addiction of the counter-measures, but can not completely solve the problem.
"As a local pre-marital sex is relatively common, sexually transmitted is also an important way." Yang said.
Therefore, the Liangshan AIDS among young adults accounted for a large proportion. Once they have the disease die, the children left behind only by the elderly dependency.
Child Welfare Department under the Ministry of Civil Affairs Chen Lunan's introduction, there are about 8,000 orphans in Liangshan. The statistical difficulties, he's hard to tell the number of children orphaned by AIDS, but it is certain the children orphaned by AIDS account for a large proportion of the local orphans.
China Red Ribbon Foundation David Yip, Deputy Secretary-General told reporters that he had learned from the Liangshan Prefecture, the state government at the figure rises to about three thousand children orphaned. However, unique local customs regulations, if the father died his mother remarried, the child is living with his mother. "In so doing the actual number of orphans may be greater." He said.
Government to provide AIDS orphans subsidies. Chen Lunan said, national and local level of government subsidies add up to 600 yuan per person per month. Many of its annual household income only two or three thousand dollars, so that subsidies are not small.
But not all orphans can get the money, because money is paid in accordance with accounts, and many children do not account, such as bull sipping Machia three children.
In addition, the Liangshan Prefecture Huang, deputy director of Bureau of Civil Affairs was told reporters that the list of statewide and about 2,000 parents of children affected by AIDS. "They are not orphans without this subsidy," he said, "We are considering guaranteeing to resolve the problem by incorporating their life problems."
Pillars of the children classes
Some non-governmental organizations to help children orphaned by AIDS has also done a lot of work.
In Zhaojue County, the National Federation of the Red Ribbon Foundation under a pillar of class A at the age of 14 mo sipping (a pseudonym) is a student in this class.
"I'm leaving her behind with a brother and 76-year-old grandma." She said. A cheerful look at mo sipping, but she said that parents had just died when he is very depressed.
"I do not like to see other children and their parents together," she said, eyes were on the red, "I know the children, some without a father, and some without a mother, father and mother I not in the. "
In the pillars of the class, A sip at Mo like her to see a lot of children, such as 13-year-old music for more than A (a pseudonym).
"In the past, when I am not happy mother's grave would be to cry, talk to her picture." Qu said, choking back tears than A for. Now she and the students wrote to heart.
"They will say to me in reply, forget the past, the future for a better life." She said.
The class was established in 2006, now has 43 students, 18 of which are AIDS orphans. Teacher, 26 years old I sand of a color that their tuition is free.
Red Ribbon Foundation plans to build this year in the Liangshan three pillars of this class, receiving 150 to 160 children.
But is more worried about the preschool child.
"Their help section is for the guardian, but who can guarantee guardian of a child who will spend this money?" David Yip said he heard a guardian of the child's aid and drug abuse by example.
Therefore, the Red Ribbon Foundation also intends to build a Children's Village, raising these children until they can go to school.
Older children is also a problem. "Yi children married earlier, many of which are teens," said David Yip, "after the wedding may make them out to work at home."
UNICEF launched a Liangshan skills training for older children. Beginning in 2007, children and the local civil affairs departments Foundation a total of more than 200 children sewing, driving, hairdressing and computer skills training.
Project officer, said Xu Wenqing, the local civil affairs departments have also trained the children to help them contact employment.
"We may not eliminate the pain of these children lost their parents." She said, "we can do is strive for a better life for their future."
More work to do
In fact, there is more work to do in Liangshan. For example, No one can help to live in bamboo Zhaojue County, Township 61, Nuclear Jike La ratio.
The elderly daughter had married once, her ex-husband died of AIDS, and her daughter were later found to be infected themselves.
"When I hear this thing, my son left home angrily." Ji Kela than recalls. Her daughter later go to work, since no reply.
The couple have two children-year-old boy and a year old girl. I do not know why, the boy born without legs to consciousness.
"If there are good people help us cure the child's legs, I could die out." Old man said bitterly.
When asked how the future to the children about their mother, the Ji Kela than hesitate. "They grow up, will slowly forget the mother." She said.
As she spoke, was toddler granddaughter fell down, "Mom." She cried and cried.
Study: More than in Bai Xu
|
