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［ 作者：佚名 转贴自：本站原创 点击数：196 更新时间：2010-12-12 文章录入：nnb ］
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Author: Source: Sina Technology Publisher: Yiyun Category: News Scan Date: 2010-12-12 "Time" magazine published on its website in 2010 list of top ten medical breakthroughs, "can reduce the risk of HIV infection Kangai Yao," "breakthrough can be accurately measured in vitro fertilization embryo health status", "successful artificial cultivation of ovarian" and other outcomes selected. 1. Can reduce the risk of HIV infection Kangai Yao Antiretroviral drugs by HIV-positive patients thwart the virus, the AIDS epidemic has been improved. But a new study shows that effective treatment may also have another advantage - a healthy HIV-infected individuals against a big powerful weapons. From 6 countries in the 2,500 HIV-positive gay men with a high-risk trial period, the researchers found that compared with placebo, a known anti-retroviral drugs Truvada can reduce 44% of HIV risk of infection. Scientists who take the drug the most active day of the trial participants for further research and found that they even lower the risk of HIV infection, lower than the placebo participants nearly 73%. More research is still needed to determine the antiretroviral drugs on the benefits of HIV prevention, public health experts warned that even if the final results confirm that the method really works, it can not replace the best way to prevent it: safe sex and the use of condoms. This is because the so-called pre-exposure prophylaxis methods work is to allow high-risk groups taken before exposure to the virus inhibition of HIV antiretroviral drugs, this can promote the drug as soon as possible against HIV. But the anti-retroviral drugs will not be the same as the vaccine to activate the immune system to prevent infection. 2. Artificial cells Figuratively speaking, the joint mapping the human genome • Craig Venter who is the 21st century version of Frankenstein (Mary Shelley • Frankenstein in the novel, he created the monster eventually destroyed his own) . In 2010, Venter has created in the laboratory toward the road of life take a step forward. Constitute the DNA by chemical substances "spliced" together, Venter complete synthesis of a bacterial genome, the genome is then injected into a cell to self-replicate. Shelley Venter "artificial cell" obviously do not have that horrible monster described by Shelley's character, but in any case, it ultimately is an artificial life. Venter hopes his field of synthetic biology that will be the first laboratory-made creatures. Genetic material by mixing and matching with the appropriate combination of compounds, Venter is creating a new type of bio-fuels may serve as living organisms, researchers will be ready by allowing different influenza virus strains placed on a shelf in the laboratory, he made the biological the body can even speed up flu vaccine production. 3. Blood test for Alzheimer's disease Although the clinician to diagnose the disease more and more advanced methods, but even using the most sophisticated means of imaging and molecular probes, senile dementia (also known as Alzheimer's disease) is still difficult to diagnose. Only in the autopsy to determine whether a person suffering from this degenerative disease, because by then the pathologist can confirm the existence of brain lesions such as senile dementia of the landmark features. However, a promising new type of blood testing methods or development of the disease process can make the diagnosis early to prevent dementia and mental decline to provide the possibility, even before the onset of symptoms at the earliest. The new testing method by analyzing two dozen blood proteins, diagnostic accuracy of Alzheimer's disease up to 80%. This is just to early detect and identify a series of senile dementia of the latest methods, these methods also include testing spinal fluid. Early diagnosis can help patients make full use of behavioral interventions, such as maintain social contacts and learn new things to keep the brain active, slowing age-related mental decline caused by dementia. 4.FDA approved the use of botulinum toxin treatment of migraine Botox in the forehead at the receiving injections to prevent wrinkles, a number of patients reported that their migraine symptoms seem to have eased. Informed of the matter, the scientists - particularly manufacturers Allergan Botox scientists - decided to study it. Rely on the participation of more than 1,000 patients with two large-scale test data obtained, Allergan successfully to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) believe that patients with facial injections of botulinum number of monthly migraine appears not to accept less than those infusions of Muscle Paralysis. Food and Drug Administration approved the use of botulinum toxin treatment of migraine means that the insurance company may have to pay for the treatment of patients with Clostridium botulinum costs. Botox injections cost several months to reach thousands of dollars. Experts say it is still difficult to predict which type of headache patients can become the biggest beneficiary, at least in patients with migraine do not have to surreptitiously find the plastic surgeon, ease their pain, they do not have this treatment out of their pocket. 5. Revised CPR First Aid Guide Since 1960, since the advent of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, first aid personnel in the same way over the past 50 years has saved countless lives: mouth resuscitation with chest compressions, so unconscious person back to life. However, the latest data show that patients in cardiac arrest when the rescue, with the conventional chest compressions alone CPR as effective as a result, the American Heart Association (AHA) decided to have a number of years of history of this first-aid measures to be updated. CPR chest compressions pay more attention to the new requirements, sometimes supplemented by mouth resuscitation. In recent years, a series of studies found that people without professional training, more suitable for the implementation of chest compressions - even in the professional training of emergency personnel with the help of those who received chest compressions chances of survival in patients with cardiopulmonary resuscitation chances of survival as large. Coupled with the need for emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation, only 30% of patients received the treatment of this means - in part because people do not want without the implementation of professional training that they consider very complex treatment, forced the American Heart Association CPR first aid manual to make amendments. The new first aid guidelines recommendations, including specially trained emergency medical personnel, including all the rescuers, CPR will reverse the current order, the first 30 minutes of vigorous chest compressions, followed the implementation of mouth resuscitation. American Heart Association experts said the heart may be at risk for those who, first thing to consider is to make the heart beat up again, and to begin emergency chest compressions, cardiac arrest may be caused by damage to a minimum. 6. U.S. Food and Drug Administration limit the use of Vatican Ya (Avandia) Vatican diabetes drugs into the market for 11 years Accor to become a global blockbuster, now it is by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Drug severe restrictions ever a heavy blow. Now only those who have registered to ensure that taking the drug can increase the risk of heart attack the doctors, patients have the right to open that is used to control blood sugar in patients with type II diabetes drugs. And only in patients tried all other treatments are not effective, these doctors can give them to open Vatican Ya, the patient must also be signed, indicating their clear the associated risks. According to some experts, it has long been looking forward to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to make such a decision, first discovered in 2007 the researchers were taking this drug can increase the risk of heart attack. Ya in the Vatican council was a label warning the first time. The safety of the drug to a government assessment, the world's leading pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline Vatican in 1999 shortly after the AGB into the market to know that it can increase the risk of heart disease. New research shows that a similar drug called Actos appears to not bring the same risk to the heart, for those who feel Vatican Ya well, but under the influence of ordering in the latest, it is difficult for patients to buy the drug, this is great news. 7. The blood test can diagnose heart attack Blocked blood vessels of heart attack begins, so the blood test can predict heart problems as a better way. At present, cardiovascular condition check is the most reliable way to angiography. This is an invasive method, you will need a thin tube inserted into the thigh artery. Now, researchers have identified a white matter for the blood of 23 synthetic genes specify the genetic code, the use of inspection and heart disease this way, blockage of blood vessels up to 83% accuracy. If the doctor will be such a blood test heart attack risk with the existing diagnostic tools - including chest pain symptoms and family medical history - together, identify patients with a high risk or low risk populations the accuracy of the traditional than the simple means to increase 16%. Expect blood tests can predict heart attack itself is also unrealistic, at least for now, but for those high-risk patients, it can act as an early warning signal. Perhaps through changes in diet and lifestyle, these patients can prevent heart attacks. 8. New Breakthrough in IVF embryos can be precisely measured health status The selection of a baby through in vitro fertilization to couples, the probability of success of this approach is not so satisfactory. Even in the best circumstances, the safety of this procedure by the probability of the birth of a baby only 30%. But Stanford University researchers recently heard the good news, they found a way to pick out the strongest embryos, pregnancy and maximize the success probability of the birth of a baby. Scientists filming the first few hours after fertilization embryos activities, to determine whether a continued development of embryos and survival continue for several days, and not die. Draw the right conclusion to ensure that the other criteria include: embryos from a cell divides into two cells with time, and it takes a long time to carry out this division. The next step is to video recording of this assessment based on clinical trials conducted in vitro fertilization, to determine whether the results of this analysis can improve the successful pregnancy and gave birth to baby the probability of safety. 9. Successful artificial cultivation of ovarian Scientists this year reported that they successfully produce artificial ovary, will one day allow mature human eggs in vitro, which for those people who are infertile is good news. Brown University researchers led a study group of patients successfully donated egg cell developed into the three primary ovarian similar three-dimensional tissue structure. In the laboratory, nurtured these types of cells can be the same as the normal ovarian interaction, for all purposes and purposes, the researchers successfully even from the earliest stages of human eggs developed into fully developed form. The successful cultivation of artificial ovarian bring the most direct impact is to help artificial insemination (IVF) field of technology to improve the success rate. Currently, when a female egg donor artificial insemination treatment cycles when they provide a variety of mature and immature eggs; developed into a more mature embryos fertilized egg less likely. If the technician in the laboratory manipulation of immature eggs fully developed, then it will be able to help each artificial insemination treatment cycles in patients with pregnancy and, ultimately, in making the process of birth on the more effective. In addition, the artificial ovarian disease may also help women suffering from ovarian (such patients can not produce mature eggs), so that they use artificial insemination techniques have their own baby. 10. IPS cells in fostering faster and more secure With stem cell therapy for disease is the next thing was possible, but the results will be used in clinical laboratory studies on the road, scientists are constantly making significant progress. IPS cells in fostering (iPS) - you can use the skin cell cultures, entirely without the use of embryos - the process, researchers at Children's Hospital Boston, a major obstacle to overcome, this technology can be safely applied to human patients. Until now, training in the use of iPS cells in skin cells, the researchers still need to be skin cells exposed to both viruses and cancer-causing gene environment, and then through the "Programming" to enter a similar embryonic state. Now, the Boston scientists have successfully used an alternative called "RNA" gene, injected virus and eliminate the risk of cancer causing genes. IPS cells in fostering respect, the efficiency of this technique is about 100 times the other traditional methods. Scientists aim to use stem cells in the future as a source of new healthy cells to replace cells damaged by disease. In the process towards this goal, presenting the new Boston scientists found no doubt a big step forward. (Takafumi) Top ten medical breakthroughs of 2010 1. Can reduce the risk of HIV infection drugs: a group of U.S. researchers in a study with high HIV risk groups found that compared with placebo, called Truvada combined anti-retroviral drugs can significantly reduce HIV infection. But the researchers also said the drug's role in the prevention of AIDS, more research is needed to confirm that, even if the results stand the test, it can not replace the best way to prevent it: safe sex life and insist on using condoms. This is because the so-called pre-exposure prevention is to make high-risk groups before the exposure to the virus, the use of inhibition of HIV antiretroviral drugs to reduce the risk of drug as soon as possible against the HIV virus. But it did not effect the vaccine can not be pre-activation of the immune system to prevent infection. 2. Synthesizing cells: J · Craig Venter, the cooperation of the human genome mapping who lives this year in terms of man-made one step. He pieces together the chemical composition of the DNA, then insert it into a cell, it can reproduce, and finally synthesis of a complete bacterial genome. Venter hopes his invention of synthetic organisms, became the first biotechnology laboratory. Mix and match the genetic material to become self-assembly of the finished product, Venter has been in the production of new bio-fuels can be used as micro-organisms. He even promoted the production of influenza vaccine, because he kept in the laboratory to study the different types of existing influenza virus. 3. The blood test diagnosis of dementia: in the diagnosis of disease, although more and more high-end approach, but the most advanced imaging technology and molecular detection, can not be diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (senile dementia), which degradation of sexually transmitted diseases only in the autopsy, they found brain lesions appeared signs and chaotic mind, can be determined in the pathology. But scientists have developed a new method that can at the earliest before the onset of symptoms, early diagnosis through blood tests to achieve. This is for the prevention of dementia and neurodegenerative possible. New test by analyzing the blood of more than 24 proteins, able to diagnose 80% accuracy whether a patient had Alzheimer's disease. 4. FDA approved the use of botulinum toxin treatment of migraine: vanity also have a new method of treatment of headache? Some patients in order to prevent forehead wrinkles received botulinum toxin injection, the report that their migraine seems to have disappeared. Scientists - especially Botox maker Allergan's scientists decided to study it carefully. According to more than 1,000 patients from two large-scale experimental data, the company succeeded in convincing the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the face received botulinum toxin injection in patients experiencing migraine headaches every month the number of days, than those muscle paralysis did not receive fewer injections. 5. Revised CPR guidelines: the first time since the 60s of last century found that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), people have been saving lives in the same way. But new data show that chest compressions alone CPR and the use of traditional methods in patients with cardiac arrest when the rescue just as effective as the American Heart Association decided to update the old practices. The new CPR guidelines put more emphasis on chest compressions, and in some cases only with respiratory resuscitation. New guidelines include health care workers trained ambulance, including all terms of the current CPR reversed, the strong push from the 30 minutes, and then go to artificial respiration resuscitation. Experts said the law would result in cardiac arrest to minimize the damage. 6. FDA Avandia restrictions: to help control blood sugar in patients with Type II diabetes drug Avandia (rosiglitazone with Roesiger) is FDA listed as the most stringent control drugs. Currently, the drug can be issued only to registered physicians and patients of all other treatment options have been used, but also to understand these risks. Some experts said, FDA's decision was delayed because the researchers had earlier reported that in 2007 users of the drug will increase the risk of heart disease. Avandia reaction of those who worry about the patients well, and now prescription drugs also increased, such as Actos (pioglitazone included) so similar drugs. 7. Blood test heart disease: heart disease begins at blood vessel blockage, is currently the most reliable way to check the heart through the blood vessels lymphangiography, but it is a invasive procedure, to a snake-like straw from the thigh aorta into the blood vessels. Researchers are now identified a blood protein that contains 23 genes encoding the pre-screening group, 83% able to measure the accuracy of blood type heart block. Combined with existing methods, including chest pain and family disease history, than with traditional methods alone can increase compared to 16%. People on the blood test predict a heart attack placed too much hope, but essentially the best way to prevent heart disease or healthy eating and living habits. 8. The best option in vitro fertilization embryos: in vitro fertilization (IVF) even under the best conditions, only an average of 30% of the opportunity to give birth to babies. So when Stanford University researchers have reported a new method to choose the strongest chance of embryos to improve pregnancy and birth, no doubt a very welcome news. After fertilization, embryos by photographing the activities of the first few hours, scientists can determine about an embryo characteristics: to continue the development, survival, or a few days will slowly die. Other criteria include the first embryonic division into two from one time used, and the division began. The next step will be to IVF clinics to test video recording of this evaluation, this analysis is to determine whether the increased risk of pregnancy and birth. 9. Artificial ovary: the people who are not sterile, there is better news, scientists reported the successful production of the artificial ovary, one day in vitro cultivation of human egg cells are immature. Research team led by Brown University will be donated to the three basic ovary cells, into a simulated three-dimensional structure of the ovaries, these cells can react with each other, can achieve a real variety of ovarian function and purpose, even in its small capsule in the early stages of a human egg cell from the cultivation to fully mature. 10. More safe and fast training induced pluripotent stem cells: Although for the treatment of diseases, stem cell therapy far away from us, scientists have been moving on, it went from the laboratory to the clinic. Breakthrough is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). Children's Hospital Boston researchers have overcome a key obstacle to the cells from the skin cells, completely avoid the need for embryos, and eliminates the virus or cancer-causing genes inserted into the risk. New discovery marks a huge step forward, one day as a new type of stem cells with healthy cells resources to replace those damaged by disease cells. Of: Source: Sina Technology Posted by: Yiyun |
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