揭秘河南艾滋病致孤儿童真实生活
    2010年06月02日05:49      法制周末            
　　目前，河南省共有艾滋病致孤儿童2891人，艾滋病导致的单亲家庭未成年子女5961人，加上其他有艾滋病患者家庭中的儿童，全省受艾滋病影响的儿童共约4万人。从2003年年底开始，河南省就对受艾滋病影响的儿童实行了分类救助，经过不断探索，形成了一整套救助安置政策体系，4万名受艾滋病影响的儿童均得到了有效的救助和安置。6年后的今天，这些孩子究竟生活的怎样，记者深入河南“艾滋病村”进行了探访……

　　法治周末记者 刘姝宏 发自河南上蔡县

　　5月20日，河南省上蔡县王营村。

　　14岁的沈翠(化名)有点拘束地坐在自家院里的一个小马扎上，上身穿着一件红色运动服，马尾辫梳得很整齐，皮肤白白净净的，漂亮的眼睛里透出一种与年龄不相称的安静。

　　沈翠的奶奶在一旁与村里的干部拉着家常。几年前，沈翠的父母因艾滋病发作相继去世，沈翠从此成为一名艾滋病致孤儿童，跟着奶奶相依为命。

　　寄养在奶奶家的沈翠

　　只有半拉围墙的小院，明显破旧的三间房屋已经没有一个完整的窗户了。这是沈翠和奶奶的家。

　　走进中间的厅堂，里面也是空荡荡的，只有一张方形的小饭桌和墙角一口水缸。右手里间是沈翠和奶奶的卧室，里面摆着一张床、一个能当桌子的橱柜、一个下面垫了两层砖的木箱，角落里还有一部旧电视机。经常被老鼠打洞的床下，放了鼠药和一只破旧的鼠夹。

　　沈翠的父母都死于艾滋病。对中国很多农村的农民来说，那是一场祸从天降的灾难。上世纪90年代初，农村一些血站在鼓励农民卖血的同时违规操作，将卖血者的血清提炼出来之后，又将剩下的血浆混合到一起回输给了那些卖血的农民，结果有艾滋病患者的血混入其中，使得回输了这种血的人都染上了艾滋病病毒。

　　1995年至2003年，河南那些卖过血的农民集中爆发艾滋病，沈翠所在的拥有近二千村民的王营村是重灾区，当时三百多名村民都被查出携带有艾滋病病毒。沈翠的妈妈和爸爸在2000年和2004年相继去世，去世时都只有30岁左右。

　　这场从天而降的灾难，在河南，最终让2891名孩子和沈翠一样成为了艾滋病致孤儿童。

　　在与《法治周末》记者聊天时，沈翠一直坐在那里捻衣角，偶尔羞涩地冲记者笑笑。这个文静的女孩今年上初一，学习成绩还不错，喜欢语文，作文写得很好。

　　根据河南省的政策，沈翠现在每月可以领到200元的艾滋病致孤儿童生活救助金，按照国家“两免一补”政策，上初中的她每学期还有300多元的补贴。因为她还有个叔叔，50多岁的奶奶不能算孤老，每月只有50元低保，生活还要依靠家里的3亩地，地里的活计基本全靠同是艾滋病病毒携带者的叔叔。

　　跟着奶奶过的沈翠属于家庭寄养，这是河南省安置艾滋病致孤儿童的方式之一。从2003年开始，河南省就开始对艾滋病致孤儿童进行调研并实施救助，2004年正式形成救助政策，后来经过不断探索，形成了四种孤儿安置模式，其中家庭寄养占到了83%。

　　“在农村，一个孩子如果失去父母，一般只要有近亲属的，如果不是经济太困难，出于伦理亲情，都会很自然地将孩子接过来继续抚养。”河南省民政厅社会福利与慈善事业促进处调研员李经宇说。

　　但家庭寄养模式逐渐显现出不足。从2003年起就着手艾滋病致孤儿童救助工作的河南省民政厅社会福利与慈善事业促进处处长许明成，有一次在对孤儿家访时，发现一个孤儿身上穿的衣服非常破旧。问起来才知道，这个孤儿的爷爷病了，每月给他补贴的200元钱都给爷爷治病了。

　　除了生活条件，寄养家庭中孤儿的心理问题是许明成最担心的，因为农村家庭的家长文化程度普遍不高，加上隔代抚养的因素，很可能使孩子得不到更科学的家庭教育。“当我们分别去探望在机构中集中养育和在家庭中寄养的孩子时，发现了一个明显的区别，机构养育的孩子会主动打招呼，表现大方，而家庭寄养的孩子问几句才答一句”。

　　意识到这一问题后，河南省开始在艾滋病疫情高发区建立艾滋病安置救助指导中心。中心的主要任务是，为救助对象建立个人档案，定期对救助对象尤其是孤儿的生活情况进行巡查，组织孤儿集体活动，并对家庭寄养孤儿的家长进行教育培训和指导。许明成希望下一步能普及这种机构，并由专业的社会工作者来进行服务。迄今，河南省已有7个市、13个县和20个乡镇的民政部门建立了这样的指导中心。

　　救助安置亲情之困

　　同样是艾滋病致孤儿童、正在上初二的王健(化名)在一所集中养育机构———芦岗阳光家园生活，他跟其他两个小伙伴共住宿舍楼的一个房间。王健早晚两顿饭都在学校吃，家园每月发给他100元生活费和10元零花钱。等到了高中，每月生活费和零花钱加起来会增加到240元。王健偷偷告诉记者，他们男生每月能够省下30元零花钱。

　　王健所有的衣服、学习用品、生活用品都由家园统一购买。如果生了病，家园会负责带他去看病。每个月他还可以报销两次回家探亲的路费。王健的理想是考上好大学，园里也有相应的激励措施，考上一类本科每月发给生活费500元；二类本科400元；大专350元。另外每学期还会给他们300元的服装费和100元的零花钱。

　　这种水平显然要高于河南省对艾滋病致孤儿童的救助标准。根据河南省的政策，艾滋病致孤儿童每月补贴200元的生活费，所有受艾滋病影响的儿童在义务教育阶段享受国家“两免一补”政策，高中阶段每年可以享受800元专项助学金。如果上了大、中专，可以优先享受助学贷款。另外，河南省利用福彩公益金对上大学的孤儿一次性补助5000元。医疗方面的政策是，他们的基本医疗费用全免，并被纳入医疗救助体系。

　　许明成解释，这种救助水平上的差别是由于集中养育机构会受到更多的社会关注，得到的社会资源也要多一些，相应地，这里的孩子生活学习条件就会稍微好点。

　　“机构养育”是河南省对艾滋病致孤儿童的另一种安置方式，原则是对分散养育有困难的艾滋病致孤儿童，按照本人或其监护人的意愿自愿选择进入这种机构。2004年至2005年间，河南省建立了21所这种“阳光家园”。

　　尽管平时会有一些社工和志愿者为在机构中养育的孩子进行心理辅导，许明成他们很快发现，亲情缺失仍然是这类孩子面临的问题，这在低龄儿童集中的养育机构中表现得更为明显，影响到了部分孩子的性格。“机构里孩子多，而阿姨和教师少，难免会出现这种情况”。

　　相比之下，沈翠在奶奶家的生活条件虽然不是很好，但不乏亲情温暖，因为奶奶和叔叔一家都很疼爱这个听话的孩子。晚上她跟奶奶睡一张床，偶尔做噩梦会被奶奶轻轻摇醒。

　　一种兼具了亲情关爱与较好生活环境的更理想的模式随之酝酿。

　　2004年11月起，河南省开始探索由政府出资建设模拟家庭的养育模式，为孤儿聘请模拟父母，每对父母养育4至6个来自不同家庭的孤儿。目前全省已建成36所模拟家庭，安置孤儿人数约占安置总量的4%。

　　2007年9月，民政部、国务院防治艾滋病工作委员会办公室、河南省政府和联合国儿童基金会联合在河南省召开了关于受艾滋病影响儿童救助安置政策的国际研讨会。河南省所探索的模拟家庭模式受到参会人员的普遍认同。

　　今年5月底，记者在位于上蔡县邵店乡的“新合家园”见到了在这种模拟家庭中生活的孩子。新合家园共有8个家庭47名孤儿，公开招聘了8对有一定文化素质的爸爸妈妈，负责照料孩子的日常生活。

　　2号家庭的妈妈李凯玲就是应聘过来的，2006年，她与丈夫从县纺织厂下岗后来到新合家园，成为6个孩子的父母。今年47岁的她自己的孩子已经在外地上大学。他们夫妻在这里的工资并不高，加起来月工资只有800元，加上每个孩子的200元钱，他们必须将这些有限的钱最大限度地运用好。既不能太宠着孩子，又不能让他们感到疏远。

　　17岁长得很帅气的宁旭(化名)就是李凯玲其中一个“儿子”，今年已上初三的他因去年5月在跟伙伴一起出去时出车祸受了重伤，当时医院已经下了病危通知书。李凯玲现在回忆起来都还心有余悸地抹眼泪。所幸，在医院的全力救治下，宁旭化险为夷。现在，在父母的精心照料下，宁旭身上的几处重伤已完全恢复。

　　到现在，李凯玲跟孩子们相处已有4年，对每个孩子李凯玲都付出了很大精力，感情很深。宁旭显然也很依赖这个妈妈，一直挽着李凯玲的胳膊。

　　尽管模拟家庭建设及运行成本要低于机构养育模式，且不缺乏亲情滋养，受到普遍推崇，但许明成透露，目前模拟父母的工资仍然要依靠社会组织的捐助才得以维持。如果能够将这一探索制度化并解决模拟父母及社工的工资，普及起来会更加顺利。

　　单亲妈妈李荷彩

　　跟沈翠家同住王营村，今年37岁的李荷彩(化名)是一位患有艾滋病的单亲妈妈，她的身材不算瘦弱，但由于艾滋病的影响，加上营养不良，她还是比前些年轻了十几斤，现在已经干不了任何重活。

　　她有两个女儿，大的11岁，小的9岁，都在附近小学上四年级，大女儿学习成绩不太好，小女儿的成绩在班里一直都是前两名。

　　根据河南省的政策，受艾滋病影响的单亲家庭中孩子的生活救助金只有100元。李荷彩作为一名艾滋病患者，每月有50元的低保。李荷彩家现在还有两亩地，农忙时只能请孩子的伯伯或者娘家哥哥帮忙，地里的收成基本上够她们娘三个吃饭。

　　因为收入低，她每周只给正在长身体的孩子吃两次鸡蛋，自己不舍得吃。她也知道，艾滋病病人是需要通过加强营养来增加抵抗力的，但是考虑到“就这样还经常去娘家借钱呢，实在是不愿再给家里人添麻烦了”。说到这里，李荷彩很久都不做声。

　　实际上，李荷彩家原来的日子还算殷实，李荷彩和爱人都在外面打工。1998年李荷彩嫁过来后，家里还翻盖了水泥地面的平房。自从孩子的爷爷和自己的丈夫于1999年和2005年相继发病去世，他们的日子一下子陷入窘境。

　　据村里的干部介绍，像这样因病致贫的单亲家庭在村里也有不少，因为剩下的一个妈妈或爸爸大多数自己也患有艾滋病，无法出去打工挣钱，仅靠地里的收入维持生活。无论是从身体状况还是经济来源来讲，这些单亲家长自己都难以支撑，更别说去照顾孩子了。很多这种单亲家庭孩子的生活状况还不如艾滋病致孤儿童。

　　这种单亲家庭的孩子也受到了一些慈善组织的关注，将他们纳入救助范围，在智行基金会的资助下，王营村所有艾滋病家庭中正在上学的孩子，初中生每人每年可以得到400元补贴，小学生每人每年是100元。

　　北京师范大学社会学系副教授韩俊魁将这种家庭中的儿童称为“单孤”，他最担心的是这类孩子的心理健康问题。“孩子的母亲或父亲一般都是艾滋病患者，本身就需要心理调适，再加上因病致贫的压力，使得他们难以担负起养育和教育孩子的重任”。

　　李荷彩也告诉记者，尽管她的两个女儿都没有携带艾滋病病毒，但自从家里人相继因艾滋病去世后，都变得不爱说话，走亲戚时也不再像以前那样跟表姐、表弟打打闹闹、无忧无虑了，而李荷彩也不知道该怎么去帮助孩子走出这样的心理阴影。

　　贫穷使得这样的家庭雪上加霜，孩子每月100元的生活救助金显然是杯水车薪，难以维持单亲家庭中孩子的生活。又据可靠消息，国家将再次调高孤儿的救助标准，每月可能达到600元，这与受艾滋病影响的单亲家庭儿童的救助水平差距再次拉大，过大的差距难免会给单亲家长和孩子造成被遗弃感。

　　存在同样问题的还有双亲都在，父母有一方或者均被感染了艾滋病的家庭中的儿童，按照河南省的规定，这种家庭中的所有成员都享受低保，每人每月50元。

　　对于这样的质疑，许明成解释，他们早已意识到了这一点，所以在今年1月将艾滋病导致的单亲家庭儿童的生活救助金由65元调高至100元。而孤儿的200元的救助标准则没再提高。“我们一直致力于不断提高所有受艾滋病影响儿童的救助标准，包括对单亲家庭儿童的救助标准，从一开始的8元、10元、50元、65元一直长到100元。这中间需要过程，也需要考虑到当地的经济实力”。

　　许明成反复强调，我们想做好一件事，必须综合考虑三个因素：受艾滋病影响儿童的利益、当地的实际情况和国家利益。少考虑一样，我们既有的愿望就可能无法实现。这位自己也助养了一名艾滋病致孤儿童的处长对记者说，让所有受艾滋病影响的儿童过上好日子也是他们的目标。

　　据了解，河南是农业大省，担负着保障国家粮食安全的任务。所以尽管经济总量看起来较高，人均水平却很低。许明成表示，“在有限的财力下，我们争取做到最好”。据他介绍，在他们对受艾滋病影响儿童的资助和安置项目中，有很多都是得到了慈善组织等其他社会资金的支持，全部靠财政出钱，显然是不现实的。

　　韩俊魁一直持有这样的观点，他认为，一些地方财政本身就很困难，所以对受艾滋病影响儿童的资助水平自然就不高，他建议中央财政进行适度补贴。许明成透露，据他了解，这次将孤儿福利补贴调高至600元，中央财政将提供将近一半的资金，这也表明了中央对这项工作支持的态度。许明成和韩俊魁也一致认为，应当鼓励更多的民间组织参与到这项工作中来，做筹集善款和心理疏导等工作，改善这一特殊儿童群体的生活。

　　早该消失的歧视

　　长着络腮胡子、看起来很强壮的沈翠的叔叔，也是艾滋病病毒携带者，但他的妻子和两个孩子都没有艾滋病病毒。

　　记者在采访数家受艾滋病影响的儿童的家庭时，发现那些父母唯一感染艾滋病病毒的渠道都是卖血，与他们一起生活的孩子都没有染上艾滋病病毒。有的一方没有艾滋病病毒的丈夫或妻子在爱人被发现艾滋病病毒之前一起生活了多年，也没被传染。

　　“与艾滋病病毒携带者一起生活，包括一起吃饭、拥抱、握手都不会染上艾滋病，那些感染了艾滋病病毒的孩子都是母亲在携带艾滋病病毒后怀孕生下的孩子。由于成功率达90%以上的母婴阻断技术的推广，艾滋病病毒携带者即使怀孕生孩子，孩子被感染的几率也非常低。”河南省民政厅社会福利与慈善事业促进处调研员李经宇告诉记者。

　　在记者采访的那些受艾滋病影响的孩子中，也有一部分是在母亲携带了艾滋病病毒之后出生的，其中三个孤儿并未做过母婴阻断，但他们全都没被感染。许明成告诉记者，即使是夫妻性传播，一般也是在一方有伤口的情况下传播的几率才高一些，现在社会上对艾滋病的传染性过于夸大了。

　　李经宇2004年至2005年曾经在河南一个艾滋病高发村作为驻村干部。驻村一年多，没少同艾滋病病人打交道，很多人还成了他的朋友，经常在他的住处喝茶聊天，而他也没有因此被传染上艾滋病病毒。他对记者说，社会上的“恐艾症”是出于对艾滋病传播途径与传播几率的不了解。

　　这位调研员从一开始接受记者采访时就为记者纠正了称谓上的错误：“我们叫艾滋病致孤儿童或者叫受艾滋病影响的儿童，不叫艾滋孤儿。”他解释，艾滋孤儿这种提法很容易造成误解，别人会以为这些孤儿都是感染上了艾滋病病毒的孤儿。实际上，被感染的儿童数量并不多，因为那一拨儿受艾滋病影响的孩子大多在父母卖血之前就已经出生了，最大的已经十七八岁。加上后来对孕妇母婴阻断技术的应用，使得受艾滋病感染的儿童数量非常低。

　　这也回应了记者之前的疑惑，河南省早在2004年就出台了5项优惠政策，鼓励社会普通家庭依法收养艾滋病致孤儿童。但直到目前也只有4名儿童被合法收养。一开始，记者认为是由于社会对这一群体的歧视所致。李经宇解释，主要原因并不是歧视，而是因为那一拨儿孤儿的年龄偏大，而很多家庭都愿意收养年龄较小的孩子以利于培养感情。

　　从媒体报道以及人们的普遍反应来看，外界对受艾滋病影响儿童的歧视仍然存在。这形成了一个奇特的现象，在艾滋病高发区基本上不存在歧视，而在高发区之外，歧视现象非常严重。

　　王营村的干部说，像沈翠这样父母有艾滋病，但自己没有艾滋病的孩子在当地上学是不存在歧视的。记者也了解到，在王营村也有大概6个感染了艾滋病病毒的儿童，也同健康的孩子一起上学。那些健康孩子的父母并没有因此表示反对，只是教给自己的孩子一些预防的常识，叮嘱自己的孩子不要与那些孩子过于打闹，弄伤了对方或自己。

　　不将感染了艾滋病病毒的儿童隔离开来生活和教育也是国际上盛行的一种预防歧视并帮助孩子正常社会化的理念。因为这些孩子只是艾滋病病毒携带者，并未发病，传染的可能性极小，只要稍加注意，正常的接触是没有问题的。

　　河南省民政厅在工作过程中也非常注意保护这些孩子，包括在对他们发放的特殊儿童救助证上，不能显示“艾滋”字样，李经宇告诉记者，这是为了避免孩子在今后成长过程中受到不应有的歧视。另外，河南省在对受艾滋病影响的儿童中没有考上大学的孩子进行就业技能培训时，也都安排他们与其他孤儿一起培训或者插班到技术学校，从不说明他们是受艾滋病影响的儿童。

　　从2003年起，河南省对受艾滋病影响的儿童救助已有6年多，这也是许明成他们付出心力最多的6年，回顾与志同道合者一路探索的历程，许明成不禁有些感慨。

　　“受艾滋病影响的孩子以及艾滋病人群更需要来自政府和社会的关爱，他们像我们一样善良、正直，我们有义务帮助他们抚平伤痕，重新燃起生活的希望，而不是嫌弃甚至敌视。一旦他们获得了爱，也同样会回馈这个社会。”许明成说。

　　一个必须要说明的是，在国家的帮助下，处于艾滋病高发区的那些艾滋病患者通过“鸡尾酒疗法”(艾滋病的一种治疗方法)，病情已普遍得到控制，现在那些地区的死亡率已接近正常。

　　记者在离开王营村时天色已晚，各家升起了白色的炊烟，偶尔的犬吠将村子衬托得那样宁静，仿佛一切都不曾发生……
 

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• 揭秘河南艾滋病致孤兒童真實生活
      2010年06月02日05:49 法制週末
  目前，河南省共有艾滋病致孤兒童2891人，艾滋病導致的單親家庭未成年子女5961人，加上其他有艾滋病患者家庭中的兒童，全省受艾滋病影響的兒童共約4萬人。從2003年年底開始，河南省就對受艾滋病影響的兒童實行了分類救助，經過不斷探索，形成了一整套救助安置政策體系，4萬名受艾滋病影響的兒童均得到了有效的救助和安置。 6年後的今天，這些孩子究竟生活的怎樣，記者深入河南“艾滋病村”進行了探訪……
  
  法治週末記者劉姝宏發自河南上蔡縣
  
  　　5月20日，河南省上蔡縣王營村。
  
  14歲的沈翠(化名)有點拘束地坐在自家院裡的一個小馬扎上，上身穿著一件紅色運動服，馬尾辮梳得很整齊，皮膚白白淨淨的，漂亮的眼睛裡透出一種與年齡不相稱的安靜。
  
  沈翠的奶奶在一旁與村里的干部拉著家常。幾年前，沈翠的父母因艾滋病發作相繼去世，沈翠從此成為一名艾滋病致孤兒童，跟著奶奶相依為命。
  
  　　寄養在奶奶家的沈翠
  
  只有半拉圍牆的小院，明顯破舊的三間房屋已經沒有一個完整的窗戶了。這是沈翠和奶奶的家。
  
  走進中間的廳堂，裡面也是空蕩蕩的，只有一張方形的小飯桌和牆角一口水缸。右手里間是沈翠和奶奶的臥室，裡面擺著一張床、一個能當桌子的櫥櫃、一個下面墊了兩層磚的木箱，角落裡還有一部舊電視機。經常被老鼠打洞的床下，放了鼠藥和一隻破舊的鼠夾。
  
  　　沈翠的父母都死於艾滋病。對中國很多農村的農民來說，那是一場禍從天降的災難。上世紀90年代初，農村一些血站在鼓勵農民賣血的同時違規操作，將賣血者的血清提煉出來之後，又將剩下的血漿混合到一起回輸給了那些賣血的農民，結果有艾滋病患者的血混入其中，使得回輸了這种血的人都染上了艾滋病病毒。
  
  1995年至2003年，河南那些賣過血的農民集中爆發艾滋病，沈翠所在的擁有近二千村民的王營村是重災區，當時三百多名村民都被查出攜帶有艾滋病病毒。沈翠的媽媽和爸爸在2000年和2004年相繼去世，去世時都只有30歲左右。
  
  這場從天而降的災難，在河南，最終讓2891名孩子和沈翠一樣成為了艾滋病致孤兒童。
  
  在與《法治週末》記者聊天時，沈翠一直坐在那裡捻衣角，偶爾羞澀地衝記者笑笑。這個文靜的女孩今年上初一，學習成績還不錯，喜歡語文，作文寫得很好。
  
  根據河南省的政策，沈翠現在每月可以領到200元的艾滋病致孤兒童生活救助金，按照國家“兩免一補”政策，上初中的她每學期還有300多元的補貼。因為她還有個叔叔，50多歲的奶奶不能算孤老，每月只有50元低保，生活還要依靠家裡的3畝地，地裡的活計基本全靠同是艾滋病病毒攜帶者的叔叔。
  
  跟著奶奶過的沈翠屬於家庭寄養，這是河南省安置艾滋病致孤兒童的方式之一。從2003年開始，河南省就開始對艾滋病致孤兒童進行調研並實施救助，2004年正式形成救助政策，後來經過不斷探索，形成了四種孤兒安置模式，其中家庭寄養占到了83%。
  
  “在農村，一個孩子如果失去父母，一般只要有近親屬的，如果不是經濟太困難，出於倫理親情，都會很自然地將孩子接過來繼續撫養。”河南省民政廳社會福利與慈善事業促進處調研員李經宇說。
  
  但家庭寄養模式逐漸顯現出不足。從2003年起就著手艾滋病致孤兒童救助工作的河南省民政廳社會福利與慈善事業促進處處長許明成，有一次在對孤兒家訪時，發現一個孤兒身上穿的衣服非常破舊。問起來才知道，這個孤兒的爺爺病了，每月給他補貼的200元錢都給爺爺治病了。
  
  除了生活條件，寄養家庭中孤兒的心理問題是許明成最擔心的，因為農村家庭的家長文化程度普遍不高，加上隔代撫養的因素，很可能使孩子得不到更科學的家庭教育。 “當我們分別去探望在機構中集中養育和在家庭中寄養的孩子時，發現了一個明顯的區別，機構養育的孩子會主動打招呼，表現大方，而家庭寄養的孩子問幾句才答一句” 。
  
  意識到這一問題後，河南省開始在艾滋病疫情高發區建立艾滋病安置救助指導中心。中心的主要任務是，為救助對象建立個人檔案，定期對救助對象尤其是孤兒的生活情況進行巡查，組織孤兒集體活動，並對家庭寄養孤兒的家長進行教育培訓和指導。許明成希望下一步能普及這種機構，並由專業的社會工作者來進行服務。迄今，河南省已有7個市、13個縣和20個鄉鎮的民政部門建立了這樣的指導中心。
  
  　　救助安置親情之困
  
  同樣是艾滋病致孤兒童、正在上初二的王健(化名)在一所集中養育機構———蘆崗陽光家園生活，他跟其他兩個小伙伴共住宿舍樓的一個房間。王健早晚兩頓飯都在學校吃，家園每月發給他100元生活費和10元零花錢。等到了高中，每月生活費和零花錢加起來會增加到240元。王健偷偷告訴記者，他們男生每月能夠省下30元零花錢。
  
  王健所有的衣服、學習用品、生活用品都由家園統一購買。如果生了病，家園會負責帶他去看病。每個月他還可以報銷兩次回家探親的路費。王健的理想是考上好大學，園裡也有相應的激勵措施，考上一類本科每月發給生活費500元；二類本科400元；大專350元。另外每學期還會給他們300元的服裝費和100元的零花錢。
  
  這種水平顯然要高於河南省對艾滋病致孤兒童的救助標準。根據河南省的政策，艾滋病致孤兒童每月補貼200元的生活費，所有受艾滋病影響的兒童在義務教育階段享受國家“兩免一補”政策，高中階段每年可以享受800元專項助學金。如果上了大、中專，可以優先享受助學貸款。另外，河南省利用福彩公益金對上大學的孤兒一次性補助5000元。醫療方面的政策是，他們的基本醫療費用全免，並被納入醫療救助體系。
  
  許明成解釋，這種救助水平上的差別是由於集中養育機構會受到更多的社會關注，得到的社會資源也要多一些，相應地，這裡的孩子生活學習條件就會稍微好點。
  
  “機構養育”是河南省對艾滋病致孤兒童的另一種安置方式，原則是對分散養育有困難的艾滋病致孤兒童，按照本人或其監護人的意願自願選擇進入這種機構。 2004年至2005年間，河南省建立了21所這種“陽光家園”。
  
  儘管平時會有一些社工和志願者為在機構中養育的孩子進行心理輔導，許明成他們很快發現，親情缺失仍然是這類孩子麵臨的問題，這在低齡兒童集中的養育機構中表現得更為明顯，影響到了部分孩子的性格。 “機構裡孩子多，而阿姨和教師少，難免會出現這種情況”。
  
  相比之下，沈翠在奶奶家的生活條件雖然不是很好，但不乏親情溫暖，因為奶奶和叔叔一家都很疼愛這個聽話的孩子。晚上她跟奶奶睡一張床，偶爾做噩夢會被奶奶輕輕搖醒。
  
  一種兼具了親情關愛與較好生活環境的更理想的模式隨之醞釀。
  
  2004年11月起，河南省開始探索由政府出資建設模擬家庭的養育模式，為孤兒聘請模擬父母，每對父母養育4至6個來自不同家庭的孤兒。目前全省已建成36所模擬家庭，安置孤兒人數約佔安置總量的4%。
  
  2007年9月，民政部、國務院防治艾滋病工作委員會辦公室、河南省政府和聯合國兒童基金會聯合在河南省召開了關於受艾滋病影響兒童救助安置政策的國際研討會。河南省所探索的模擬家庭模式受到參會人員的普遍認同。
  
  今年5月底，記者在位於上蔡縣邵店鄉的“新合家園”見到了在這種模擬家庭中生活的孩子。新合家園共有8個家庭47名孤兒，公開招聘了8對有一定文化素質的爸爸媽媽，負責照料孩子的日常生活。
  
  2號家庭的媽媽李凱玲就是應聘過來的，2006年，她與丈夫從縣紡織廠下崗後來到新合家園，成為6個孩子的父母。今年47歲的她自己的孩子已經在外地上大學。他們夫妻在這裡的工資並不高，加起來月工資只有800元，加上每個孩子的200元錢，他們必須將這些有限的錢最大限度地運用好。既不能太寵著孩子，又不能讓他們感到疏遠。
  
  17歲長得很帥氣的寧旭(化名)就是李凱玲其中一個“兒子”，今年已上初三的他因去年5月在跟夥伴一起出去時出車禍受了重傷，當時醫院已經下了病危通知書。李凱玲現在回憶起來都還心有餘悸地抹眼淚。所幸，在醫院的全力救治下，寧旭化險為夷。現在，在父母的精心照料下，寧旭身上的幾處重傷已完全恢復。
  
  到現在，李凱玲跟孩子們相處已有4年，對每個孩子李凱玲都付出了很大精力，感情很深。寧旭顯然也很依賴這個媽媽，一直挽著李凱玲的胳膊。
  
  儘管模擬家庭建設及運行成本要低於機構養育模式，且不缺乏親情滋養，受到普遍推崇，但許明成透露，目前模擬父母的工資仍然要依靠社會組織的捐助才得以維持。如果能夠將這一探索制度化並解決模擬父母及社工的工資，普及起來會更加順利。
  
  　　單親媽媽李荷彩
  
  跟沈翠家同住王營村，今年37歲的李荷彩(化名)是一位患有艾滋病的單親媽媽，她的身材不算瘦弱，但由於艾滋病的影響，加上營養不良，她還是比前些年輕了十幾斤，現在已經乾不了任何重活。
  
  她有兩個女兒，大的11歲，小的9歲，都在附近小學上四年級，大女兒學習成績不太好，小女兒的成績在班裡一直都是前兩名。
  
  根據河南省的政策，受艾滋病影響的單親家庭中孩子的生活救助金只有100元。李荷彩作為一名艾滋病患者，每月有50元的低保。李荷彩家現在還有兩畝地，農忙時只能請孩子的伯伯或者娘家哥哥幫忙，地裡的收成基本上夠她們娘三個吃飯。
  
  因為收入低，她每週只給正在長身體的孩子吃兩次雞蛋，自己不捨得吃。她也知道，艾滋病病人是需要通過加強營養來增加抵抗力的，但是考慮到“就這樣還經常去娘家借錢呢，實在是不願再給家里人添麻煩了”。說到這裡，李荷彩很久都不做聲。
  
  實際上，李荷彩家原來的日子還算殷實，李荷彩和愛人都在外面打工。 1998年李荷彩嫁過來後，家裡還翻蓋了水泥地面的平房。自從孩子的爺爺和自己的丈夫於1999年和2005年相繼發病去世，他們的日子一下子陷入窘境。
  
  據村里的干部介紹，像這樣因病致貧的單親家庭在村里也有不少，因為剩下的一個媽媽或爸爸大多數自己也患有艾滋病，無法出去打工掙錢，僅靠地裡的收入維持生活。無論是從身體狀況還是經濟來源來講，這些單親家長自己都難以支撐，更別說去照顧孩子了。很多這種單親家庭孩子的生活狀況還不如艾滋病致孤兒童。
  
  這種單親家庭的孩子也受到了一些慈善組織的關注，將他們納入救助範圍，在智行基金會的資助下，王營村所有艾滋病家庭中正在上學的孩子，初中生每人每年可以得到400元補貼，小學生每人每年是100元。
  
  北京師範大學社會學系副教授韓俊魁將這種家庭中的兒童稱為“單孤”，他最擔心的是這類孩子的心理健康問題。 “孩子的母親或父親一般都是艾滋病患者，本身就需要心理調適，再加上因病致貧的壓力，使得他們難以擔負起養育和教育孩子的重任”。
  
  李荷彩也告訴記者，儘管她的兩個女兒都沒有攜帶艾滋病病毒，但自從家里人相繼因艾滋病去世後，都變得不愛說話，走親戚時也不再像以前那樣跟表姐、表弟打打鬧鬧、無憂無慮了，而李荷彩也不知道該怎麼去幫助孩子走出這樣的心理陰影。
  
  貧窮使得這樣的家庭雪上加霜，孩子每月100元的生活救助金顯然是杯水車薪，難以維持單親家庭中孩子的生活。又據可靠消息，國家將再次調高孤兒的救助標準，每月可能達到600元，這與受艾滋病影響的單親家庭兒童的救助水平差距再次拉大，過大的差距難免會給單親家長和孩子造成被遺棄感。
  
  存在同樣問題的還有雙親都在，父母有一方或者均被感染了艾滋病的家庭中的兒童，按照河南省的規定，這種家庭中的所有成員都享受低保，每人每月50元。
  
  對於這樣的質疑，許明成解釋，他們早已意識到了這一點，所以在今年1月將艾滋病導致的單親家庭兒童的生活救助金由65元調高至100元。而孤兒的200元的救助標準則沒再提高。 “我們一直致力於不斷提高所有受艾滋病影響兒童的救助標準，包括對單親家庭兒童的救助標準，從一開始的8元、10元、50元、65元一直長到100元。這中間需要過程，也需要考慮到當地的經濟實力”。
  
  許明成反復強調，我們想做好一件事，必須綜合考慮三個因素：受艾滋病影響兒童的利益、當地的實際情況和國家利益。少考慮一樣，我們既有的願望就可能無法實現。這位自己也助養了一名艾滋病致孤兒童的處長對記者說，讓所有受艾滋病影響的兒童過上好日子也是他們的目標。
  
  據了解，河南是農業大省，擔負著保障國家糧食安全的任務。所以儘管經濟總量看起來較高，人均水平卻很低。許明成表示，“在有限的財力下，我們爭取做到最好”。據他介紹，在他們對受艾滋病影響兒童的資助和安置項目中，有很多都是得到了慈善組織等其他社會資金的支持，全部靠財政出錢，顯然是不現實的。
  
  韓俊魁一直持有這樣的觀點，他認為，一些地方財政本身就很困難，所以對受艾滋病影響兒童的資助水平自然就不高，他建議中央財政進行適度補貼。許明成透露，據他了解，這次將孤兒福利補貼調高至600元，中央財政將提供將近一半的資金，這也表明了中央對這項工作支持的態度。許明成和韓俊魁也一致認為，應當鼓勵更多的民間組織參與到這項工作中來，做籌集善款和心理疏導等工作，改善這一特殊兒童群體的生活。
  
  　　早該消失的歧視
  
  長著絡腮鬍子、看起來很強壯的沈翠的叔叔，也是艾滋病病毒攜帶者，但他的妻子和兩個孩子都沒有艾滋病病毒。
  
  記者在採訪數家受艾滋病影響的兒童的家庭時，發現那些父母唯一感染艾滋病病毒的渠道都是賣血，與他們一起生活的孩子都沒有染上艾滋病病毒。有的一方沒有艾滋病病毒的丈夫或妻子在愛人被發現艾滋病病毒之前一起生活了多年，也沒被傳染。
  
  “與艾滋病病毒攜帶者一起生活，包括一起吃飯、擁抱、握手都不會染上艾滋病，那些感染了艾滋病病毒的孩子都是母親在攜帶艾滋病病毒後懷孕生下的孩子。由於成功率達90%以上的母嬰阻斷技術的推廣，艾滋病病毒攜帶者即使懷孕生孩子，孩子被感染的機率也非常低。”河南省民政廳社會福利與慈善事業促進處調研員李經宇告訴記者。
  
  在記者採訪的那些受艾滋病影響的孩子中，也有一部分是在母親攜帶了艾滋病病毒之後出生的，其中三個孤兒並未做過母嬰阻斷，但他們全都沒被感染。許明成告訴記者，即使是夫妻性傳播，一般也是在一方有傷口的情況下傳播的機率才高一些，現在社會上對艾滋病的傳染性過於誇大了。
  
  李經宇2004年至2005年曾經在河南一個艾滋病高發村作為駐村幹部。駐村一年多，沒少同艾滋病病人打交道，很多人還成了他的朋友，經常在他的住處喝茶聊天，而他也沒有因此被傳染上艾滋病病毒。他對記者說，社會上的“恐艾症”是出於對艾滋病傳播途徑與傳播機率的不了解。
  
  這位調研員從一開始接受記者採訪時就為記者糾正了稱謂上的錯誤：“我們叫艾滋病致孤兒童或者叫受艾滋病影響的兒童，不叫艾滋孤兒。”他解釋，艾滋孤兒這種提法很容易造成誤解，別人會以為這些孤兒都是感染上了艾滋病病毒的孤兒。實際上，被感染的兒童數量並不多，因為那一撥儿受艾滋病影響的孩子大多在父母賣血之前就已經出生了，最大的已經十七八歲。加上後來對孕婦母嬰阻斷技術的應用，使得受艾滋病感染的兒童數量非常低。
  
  這也回應了記者之前的疑惑，河南省早在2004年就出台了5項優惠政策，鼓勵社會普通家庭依法收養艾滋病致孤兒童。但直到目前也只有4名兒童被合法收養。一開始，記者認為是由於社會對這一群體的歧視所致。李經宇解釋，主要原因並不是歧視，而是因為那一撥儿孤兒的年齡偏大，而很多家庭都願意收養年齡較小的孩子以利於培養感情。
  
  從媒體報導以及人們的普遍反應來看，外界對受艾滋病影響兒童的歧視仍然存在。這形成了一個奇特的現象，在艾滋病高發區基本上不存在歧視，而在高發區之外，歧視現象非常嚴重。
  
  王營村的干部說，像沈翠這樣父母有艾滋病，但自己沒有艾滋病的孩子在當地上學是不存在歧視的。記者也了解到，在王營村也有大概6個感染了艾滋病病毒的兒童，也同健康的孩子一起上學。那些健康孩子的父母並沒有因此表示反對，只是教給自己的孩子一些預防的常識，叮囑自己的孩子不要與那些孩子過於打鬧，弄傷了對方或自己。
  
  不將感染了艾滋病病毒的兒童隔離開來生活和教育也是國際上盛行的一種預防歧視並幫助孩子正常社會化的理念。因為這些孩子只是艾滋病病毒攜帶者，並未發病，傳染的可能性極小，只要稍加註意，正常的接觸是沒有問題的。
  
  河南省民政廳在工作過程中也非常注意保護這些孩子，包括在對他們發放的特殊兒童救助證上，不能顯示“艾滋”字樣，李經宇告訴記者，這是為了避免孩子在今後成長過程中受到不應有的歧視。另外，河南省在對受艾滋病影響的兒童中沒有考上大學的孩子進行就業技能培訓時，也都安排他們與其他孤兒一起培訓或者插班到技術學校，從不說明他們是受艾滋病影響的兒童。
  
  從2003年起，河南省對受艾滋病影響的兒童救助已有6年多，這也是許明成他們付出心力最多的6年，回顧與志同道合者一路探索的歷程，許明成不禁有些感慨。
  
  “受艾滋病影響的孩子以及艾滋病人群更需要來自政府和社會的關愛，他們像我們一樣善良、正直，我們有義務幫助他們撫平傷痕，重新燃起生活的希望，而不是嫌棄甚至敵視。一旦他們獲得了愛，也同樣會回饋這個社會。”許明成說。
  
  一個必須要說明的是，在國家的幫助下，處於艾滋病高發區的那些艾滋病患者通過“雞尾酒療法”(艾滋病的一種治療方法)，病情已普遍得到控制，現在那些地區的死亡率已接近正常。
  
  記者在離開王營村時天色已晚，各家升起了白色的炊煙，偶爾的犬吠將村子襯托得那樣寧靜，彷彿一切都不曾發生……
  

Jie Mi AIDS orphans in Henan real life
    At 05:49 on the June 2, 2010 the rule of law over the weekend
Currently, a total of AIDS orphans in Henan Province, 2891 people, single parents due to AIDS in 5961 were minor children, together with other families of children with AIDS, children affected by AIDS, the province of about 4 million people. From the end of 2003, Henan Province, on the right of children affected by AIDS, the implementation of the classification of aid, through continuous exploration, and forming a relief resettlement policy system, 40 000 children affected by AIDS have been effective relief and rehabilitation. 6 years later, how these children actually live, in-depth Henan's "AIDS village" was to visit ... ...

Liu Shu Wang's rule of law over the weekend from the bottom of Henan Shangcai

May 20, Henan Province Shangcai Wang Yingcun.

14-year-old Shen Chui (pseudonym), a little restraint to sit home in a small courtyard Mazar, the upper body, wearing a red sports wear, very neat ponytail hair, skin scrub, beautiful eyes, revealed a species and age, a disproportionate quiet.

Shen Chui's grandmother to the side and pulled the village cadres and homely. A few years ago, Shen Chui's parents have died of AIDS onset, Shen Chui has since become an AIDS orphan, followed by grandma.

Foster grandmother Shen Chui

Only half by force, small courtyard wall, obviously the three dilapidated houses have not had a complete window. This is the Shen Chui and Grandma's house.

About the middle of the hall, which is also empty, with only a small square table and corner a tank. Right hand between Tsui and Shen grandmother's bedroom, which stood a bed, a kitchen table can become a mat below a wooden two-story brick, corner there is an old TV set. Often rat holes in the bed, put rat poison and an old clip.

Shen Chui's parents died of AIDS. Many rural Chinese farmers, it was a Huocongtianxiang disaster. Early 90s of last century, a number of blood banks in rural areas to encourage farmers selling blood in the same time illegal operations, will sell blood, serum extracted and purified, the in turn the rest back with the loss of plasma mixed to farmers who sell blood, the results mixed with the blood of AIDS patients which makes this kind of blood transfusion who are infected with the AIDS virus.

From 1995 to 2003, Henan farmers who sold blood concentration of the outbreak of AIDS, Shen Chui where nearly 2000 villagers Wang Yingcun hit the hardest, when more than 300 villagers were found to carry HIV. Shen Chui's mom and dad in 2000 and 2004, passed away, and dies are only 30 years old.

The unfolding catastrophe in Henan, eventually 2891 as a child and Shen Chui become AIDS orphans.

With the "rule of law over the weekend," a press chat, Shen Chui has been sitting there twisting clothes, occasionally washed reporter smiled shyly. The quiet girl who started this year on, learning achievement is also good, like language, composition is good.

According to the policy of Henan Province, Shen Chui received 200 yuan a month now AIDS orphans living assistance payments, according to state "two exemptions and one subsidy" policy, the junior high school, she also more than 300 yuan per semester subsidies. Because of her uncle, also a 50-year-old grandmother can not be considered lonely old, only 50 yuan per month subsistence allowances, family life, but also rely on 3 acres of land, the earth s work is entirely with the basic carriers of the AIDS virus, uncle.

His grandmother had Shen Chui are family foster care, this is the placement of AIDS orphans in Henan province one of the ways. Since 2003, Henan Province began on Children Orphaned by AIDS research and implementation of relief, aid policy was officially formed in 2004, and later through continuous exploration, and settlement patterns of four orphans, which accounted for 83% of family foster care.

"In rural areas, a child if they lose their parents, usually close relatives, as long as, if not too difficult economy, out of ethical family will naturally continue to support the child took it." Henan Civil Affairs Department to promote social welfare and charity Department researcher Li Jingyu said.

However, foster care model became inadequate. From 2003 to begin the work of Save the Children Orphaned by AIDS in Henan Province Civil Affairs Department of Social Welfare and Charity Promotion Department Director Xu Mingcheng, once in the orphans home visits, an orphan who was found wearing very shabby clothes. Ask them to know that this orphan's grandfather was ill, the monthly subsidy of 200 yuan to his grandfather gave up treatment.

In addition to living conditions, foster families in the psychological problems of orphans is Xu Mingcheng most worried about, because the general educational level of parents of rural families are not high, with inter-generational dependency factors, it is possible for children to get more scientific family education. "When we went to visit the institutions were concentrated in the family foster care and children, they found a clear difference between, institutions will take the initiative to greet the child rearing, showing generosity, and family foster care of children answer a question only a few" .

Aware of the problem, the AIDS epidemic in high-incidence area in Henan Province started to establish an AIDS center placement assistance guide. Its main task is to rescue the object the establishment of personal files on a regular basis, especially on the relief object to inspect the living conditions of orphans, orphans organized group activities, and family foster parents of orphans, education and training and guidance. Xu Mingcheng hope that the next step to popularize the institution, by professional social workers to carry out service. So far, there are 7 cities in Henan province, 13 counties and 20 townships in the civil sector to establish such a guidance center.

Relief the pain in family placement

AIDS orphans also are on the first two days of Wang Jian (a pseudonym) in a concentration of Lu Gang sun care organizations --- home life, he and two other small partners to live in a dormitory room. Wang Jian sooner or later, eating two meals at school, sent him home a month living expenses and 10 per 100 pocket money. Wait until high school, living expenses and pocket money each month will add up to 240 yuan. Wang Jian secretly told us that they boys could save 30 per month pocket money.

Wang Jian, all clothes, school supplies, household items purchased by the home uniform. If sick, their homes will be responsible to take him to see a doctor. He also twice a month for reimbursement of travel expenses to visit relatives back home. Wang Jian ideal is admitted to a good university, garden of the corresponding incentives, admitted to an undergraduate living on a monthly 500 yuan; Inventory undergraduate 400; College 350 yuan. Additionally, each semester will give them clothing costs 300 yuan and 100 yuan allowance.

This level is clearly higher than that of AIDS orphans in Henan Province rescue standards. According to the policy of Henan Province, AIDS orphans live on 200 yuan monthly subsidy for all children affected by AIDS, the state's compulsory education "two free one subsidy" policy, high school 800 a year to enjoy the special grants. If, on the large, secondary, you can enjoy priority in student loans. In addition, the Community Chest in Henan Province Fucai college orphan on a one-time subsidies 5000 yuan. Health care policy is that their basic health care free of charge, and was included in the medical assistance system.

Xuming Cheng explained that the difference between the level of such assistance is due to focus on care institutions will be more social concern should be more social resources, accordingly, the children here will be slightly better living conditions for learning points.

"Institutional care" is a children orphaned by AIDS in Henan Province on another resettlement way, the principle is difficult for decentralized care of children orphaned by AIDS, according to the wishes of the guardian or his voluntary choice to enter such institutions. From 2004 to 2005, the Henan Province has established 21 such "Sunshine home."

Although usually have some social workers and volunteers to raise children in institutions to provide counseling, Xu Mingcheng they quickly found that such children are still missing family problems, which focus on young children's care institutions be more for the obvious and to some of the children's character. "Institutions have more children, and aunts and teachers less, will inevitably happen."

In contrast, Shen Chui in Grandma's living conditions, though not very good, but no lack of family warmth, because my grandmother and uncle, a love of this very obedient child. Night she slept with her grandmother, a bed, occasionally shake gently grandmother will be having nightmares.

A kind of love both a family and a better living environment more desirable mode of preparation followed.

November 2004, the Henan Province began to explore government-funded home care simulation model construction, simulation employed parents for orphans, each on parents 4-6 orphans from different families. Currently the province has built 36 simulated families, orphans placed about 4% of the total settlement.

September 2007, Ministry of Civil Affairs, the State Council AIDS Working Committee Office, Henan Province, Henan Province government and UNICEF jointly convened a relief on the placement of children affected by AIDS, International Seminar on Policies. Henan Province, the family model simulation to explore the universal recognition by the participants.

By the end of May this year, reporters at the Shangcai Shao Dian Xiang's "new co-home" to see a simulation of family life in such children. The new combined total of eight family homes and 47 orphans, the open recruitment of 8 to have a certain cultural qualities of the father and mother, the care of the child's daily life.

2 is the family's mother Li Kailing candidates come in, in 2006, she and her husband was laid off from textile mills to the new county homes together, become the parents of six children. The 47-year-old child has her own University of the ground outside. Here the couple is not high wages, combined monthly salary is only 800 yuan, plus 200 yuan for each child, they must maximize the limited use of the money good. Can not be too tend to baby their children, not make them feel alienated.

17-year-old handsome gas Ning Xu (a pseudonym) is Li Kailing one "son", his three days of this year has been due in May last year with partners to go out in a car accident seriously injured, was in critical condition at the hospital had notice of the next . Li Kailing now recall still lingering fear in Mayan Lei. Fortunately, the full treatment in the hospital, the Ning Xu saved the day. Now, under the meticulous care of their parents, Ning Xu, several injured body has fully recovered.

To now, Li Kailing get along with children and has been 4 years for each child Li Kailing have done so much energy, feelings of deep. Ning Xu obviously very dependent on the mother, has arm Li Kailing arm.

Although the simulation is running the family construction and less expensive than institutional care model, and not lack of affection nourished, have been widely praised, but Xuming Cheng said, the wages of the current simulation parents still rely on social organizations, the donor can only be maintained. If we can institutionalize this explore and address the simulation of parents and social workers, wages, universal access will be more successful together.

Li He-color single mother

Green house with live Wangying Cun Shen, Li He, 37 this year, color (a pseudonym) is a single mother with AIDS, her body is not thin, but the impact of AIDS, and malnutrition, she was compared to the previous several kilograms of these young 10, could not do any heavy work now.

She has two daughters, 11-year-old, small 9-year-old, near primary school in fourth grade, academic performance is not a good daughter, daughter's success has been the top two in the class.

According to the policy of Henan Province, single-parent families affected by AIDS, children living in the assistance payment of only 100. Li He-color as an AIDS patient, a 50 yuan monthly subsistence allowances. Li He-color home now there are two acres of land, can only please the children busy uncle or brother to help her mother, the earth's crop is basically enough to eat their Mother 3.

Because of low income, she is only a week is a long body of a child to eat two eggs, they are not willing to eat. She knows that AIDS is the need to increase the resistance through the strengthening of nutrition, but taking into account "so it often borrow money to her family, it is not willing to give the family the trouble." Here, Li He-color for a long time all was silent.

In fact, Li He-color home the day of the original fairly well off, and Li He-color, and love working in the outside. 1998, Cai Li He married here, the home also flip the concrete floor of the cottage. Since the child's grandfather and her husband in 1999 and 2005 the incidence have died, their lives suddenly into a quandary.

It describes the village cadres, like poverty caused by the single-parent families in the village, there are many, as a mother or father left the majority of AIDS itself, can not go out to work as laborers, relying on the income of the ground living. Whether physical condition or financial resources from the terms of these single parents are difficult to support themselves, let alone to take care of children. Many of these single-parent families is not the child's living conditions such as AIDS orphans.

That children of single parent families has also been a number of charitable organizations concerned, will save them into the scope of the Chi Heng Foundation, funded by Wang Yingcun all AIDS families are school children, junior high school students can get 400 yuan per person per year subsidies, primary school is 100 yuan per person per year.

Beijing Normal University, Associate Professor HAN Jun-kui society of children of such families as "single alone," he most worried about is the type of children's mental health problems. "The children's mother or father usually AIDS, itself in need of psychological adjustment, coupled with poverty caused by the pressure, making it difficult for them to assume the heavy responsibility of child rearing and education."

Cai Li He also told reporters, though none of her two daughters with HIV, but since the family have died from AIDS, have become very quiet, calling on one another when they are no longer as before, with the cousin, cousin playing stir, carefree, while Cai Li He did not know how to help children out of such a psychological shadow.

Poor families make such matters worse, the lives of 100 children monthly assistance payment is clearly inadequate and difficult to maintain the single-parent families in children's lives. Also according to reliable sources, the state will once again raise the orphans of aid standards, could reach 600 yuan per month, which is single-parent families affected by AIDS, the level of children's aid once again widened the gap, the gap is too large, single parents and their children will inevitably create a sense of abandonment.

Also the same problems all parents, one parent, or were infected with the AIDS children in families, in accordance with the provisions of Henan Province, which all members of the family to enjoy subsistence allowances, 50 yuan per person per month.

For such queries, Xuming Cheng explained that they were already aware of this, so in January this year, will lead to AIDS, the lives of children in single-parent families save money raised by the 65 to 100. The orphans of the 200 rescue standards were not further increased. "We are committed to continuously improve all children affected by AIDS relief standards, including single-parent families, aid standards, from the beginning of 8 yuan, 10 yuan, 50 yuan, 65 yuan to 100 yuan has been long. This is the middle of the process required also need to take into account the local economic strength. "

Xu Mingcheng repeatedly stressed that we want to do something, must consider three factors: the interests of children affected by AIDS, local realities and national interests. Little consideration, we wish both could not be achieved. This helps to support himself a Director of Children Orphaned by AIDS, told reporters that all children affected by AIDS, a better life is their goal.

It is understood that Henan is a big agricultural province, charged with the task of ensuring national food security. So, while economic output seems high, but very low per capita level. Xuming Cheng said, "In the limited financial resources, we strive to do our best." According to him, in their children affected by AIDS funding and resettlement projects, many of which are charitable organizations received support from other social funds, all rely on financial money, is clearly unrealistic.

HAN Jun-kui has held the view that, in his view, some local governments themselves are very difficult, so the children affected by AIDS is not naturally high level of assistance, he suggested that the central government to moderate 补贴. Xuming Cheng said it was his understanding that the orphans welfare benefits will increase to 600 yuan, the central government will provide nearly half of the money, it also shows that central to this work supports. Xu Mingcheng and HAN Jun-kui also agreed that, should encourage more participation of civil society organizations to this work 来, do raise money, and psychological counseling, etc., to improve the lives of this special group of children.

Disappearance of discrimination is long overdue

Long a beard, looked very strong Shen Chui's uncle, is also living with HIV, but his wife and two children are not HIV.

Reporter several AIDS-affected children and found that the only HIV-infected parents are selling blood channels, children living with them are not infected with HIV. Some party without the husband or the wife of HIV was found in the spouse living with HIV for many years before, have not been infected.

"And living with HIV carriers, including dinner, hugging, shaking hands will not be infected with AIDS, those infected with HIV are mothers of children with HIV in children born after the pregnancy. Since more than 90% success rate Maternal and Child blocking technologies, even if the pregnant HIV carriers have children, a child's risk of infection is very low. "Henan Civil Affairs Department of Social Welfare and Charity Promotion Department researcher Li Jingyu told reporters.

In a press interview that the children affected by AIDS, there are also some of them are carrying the AIDS virus after his mother was born, three of the orphans, maternal and child did not block, but they are all without being infected. Xuming Cheng told reporters, even a couple of sexually transmitted, usually is a wound in the side where only higher risk of spread, and now the community on AIDS, infectious too exaggerated.

Li Jingyu from 2004 to 2005 had a high incidence of AIDS in Henan, the village cadres, as the towns and villages. Residency year, no less to deal with AIDS patients, many of them have become his friends, often chatting in his house drinking tea, and he has not been infected with HIV. He told reporters that the society's "fear of AI disorders" are out on the chance of HIV transmission and spread of ignorance.

The researcher interviewed by reporters from the start, when corrected for journalists on the wrong title: "We called the AIDS orphans or children affected by AIDS, called, not called AIDS orphans." He explained that raise AIDS orphans law is likely to cause misunderstanding, people would think that these orphans are infected with HIV orphans. In fact, the number of children infected is not much, because another wave of children affected by AIDS, most children before their parents sold their blood had been born, has the largest 17-year-old. PMTCT for pregnant women with later technology, making the number of children affected by AIDS is very low.

It also responded to the press before the doubts, Henan Province early in 2004 enacted the five preferential policies to encourage the community to the average family legally adopted AIDS orphans. But until now, only four children were legally adopted. The beginning, the reporter considered this group because of social discrimination. Li Jingyu explained that the main reason is not discrimination, but because another wave of orphans were older children, and many families are willing to adopt children in order to facilitate training for younger feeling.

From media reports and people's general reaction, the outside world for children affected by AIDS, discrimination still exists. This created a strange phenomenon, basically does not exist in the high incidence of AIDS discrimination, and in high-incidence area, the discrimination very seriously.

Wang Yingcun cadres, said Shen Chui such as parents with AIDS, but he was not the children of AIDS does not exist in the local school of discrimination. Reporters also learned that in Wang Yingcun there are about six children infected with HIV, but also went to school together with healthy children. Health of the parents who has not opposed, just to teach their children some of the prevention of common sense, told their children and those children should not be too slapstick, hurt each other or themselves.

Not to children infected with the AIDS virus isolated from living and education is a popular international help to prevent discrimination and the concept of children's normal socialization. Because these children are only living with HIV, not the disease, the infection is very unlikely, as long as pay attention to regular access is no problem.

Henan Civil Affairs Department in the course of their work is also very protective of these children, including children with special needs for their assistance paid card, can not be displayed "HIV" character, Li Jingyu told reporters that this is to avoid a child growing up in the future are not there should be discrimination. In addition, Henan Province on children affected by AIDS are not admitted to the University when kids job skills training, they also were scheduled to train together with other orphans or Transfer to a technical school, never show that they are children affected by AIDS.

Since 2003, Henan Province, on the relief of children affected by AIDS has been more than 6 years, which is Xuming Cheng effort they pay up to 6 years, review and explore the history of like-minded way, Xu Mingcheng can not help but have some mixed feelings.

"Children affected by AIDS and AIDS groups need care from the government and society, they like us good, honest, we have an obligation to help them heal wounds, rekindled hope in life, not despise or even hostility. Once love them, will also give back. "Xuming Cheng said.

One must be clear is that in countries with the help of those in the high incidence of AIDS of patients and AIDS "cocktail therapy" (a treatment for AIDS), the condition has generally been brought under control, Now that the mortality rate has been close to the normal region .

Wang Yingcun reporters left the night had fallen, various raised the white smoke, the occasional bark set off the village was so quiet, as if nothing else has happened ... ...