6月1日，河南省滑县公安局交警大队、道口派出所民警联合行动，走上街头向小朋友讲解安全常识张波 摄
“每年有1万名左右的妇女和儿童被拐卖，其中10%为儿童；道路事故已成儿童的最大杀手，意外伤害是0-14岁儿童的首位死因……”
“六一”国际儿童节前夕，北京师范大学壹基金公益研究院与联合国儿童基金会联合发布的《中国儿童福利政策报告（2011）》指出，儿童安全保障是中国儿童福利中的一个薄弱环节，特别是针对孤儿、残疾儿童、流浪乞讨儿童、留守儿童、单亲家庭子女、受暴力侵害和虐待儿童，以及受艾滋病影响儿童等“困境儿童”的保护问题尤为突出。
“我国儿童福利之门已经打开，但社会对具有特殊需求儿童的关爱尚显不足。”北京师范大学壹基金公益研究院院长王振耀呼吁，尽快建立与中等经济发展水平相适应的中国儿童福利制度，实现更高层次的儿童保护。
儿童面临新的风险和困境
“在过去的30年中，中国在减贫以及健全社会保障工作方面取得了举世瞩目的成就，儿童发展状况也获得了很大改善。然而，由于快速的经济增长，高速的城市进程和大规模的人口流动，儿童面临着新的风险和困境。”联合国儿童基金会驻华办事处代表麦吉莲女士，在5月30日举行的第二届中国儿童福利周启动仪式上的一番发言，使现场嘉宾陷入沉思。
虽然，国家有关部门已经加大了对困难儿童的帮扶投入，服务对象也在不断扩大。但依然有不少儿童处于福利保障制度的边缘，深陷各种困境之中。
报告显示，“困境儿童”主要包括孤儿、残疾儿童、流浪乞讨儿童、留守儿童、单亲家庭子女、受暴力侵害和虐待儿童，以及与患艾滋病父母或本身感染艾滋病病毒的儿童。
“我国困境儿童群体只有分类统计和一些模糊的估算，且部分数据比较陈旧，但依然足以说明事态的迫切程度。”报告主要执笔人、北京师范大学教授尚晓援与团队查阅了大量资料收集到了以下一组数据：
2010年在民政部门登记的孤儿人数为71.2万人，5年中增长了24%；
2006年的数据显示，我国0-17岁的各类残疾儿童共计504.3万；截至2010年底，依然有14.5万名适龄残疾儿童辍学。
据2005年的数据推测，我国农村留守儿童有5800万，其中27%为5岁以下的幼童，约为1566万。
联合国儿童基金会相关研究预测，估计2010年底，约有49.6万~89.4万中国儿童受艾滋病影响，其中2万~2.7万儿童因艾滋病失去父母。
尚晓援希望，首先从国家层面，由权威部门将这些数据统计清楚，以便更全面地救助“困境儿童”。
缺乏系统安全保护
报告指出，我国在儿童安全保护方面缺少整套的制度安排。据统计，我国每年有超过20万的14岁以下儿童因意外伤害死亡，即每三个死亡的儿童中就有一个是意外伤害所致。而在发达国家，关于儿童的道路安全有比较全面的制度设计，包括立法、安全教育，并对家长的监护有所要求，如14岁以下儿童没有成年人监护不能单独外出等。
“除各种意外伤害外，人为暴力伤害也不容忽视。”报告指出，家庭暴力、校园暴力、网络伤害以及其他环境污染等因素造成的伤害，都在影响我国儿童的健康发展。
“在中国，受到家长打骂的儿童人数当以亿计，其中多数是家长教育方法不当。虽然能称得上"虐待"的只有5%，但推算出受虐待的儿童数，仍以千万计。”尚晓援说。
“政府有条件也有必要着手于防止儿童虐待，确保儿童安全，在保障儿童的基本生存之上，实现更高层次的儿童权利。”王振耀表示，应建立针对儿童安全的强制报告制度，在发现儿童安全受到威胁的时候，国家公务员、教师、医生、社会工作者等所有公民，都有义务向公安机关报告。
建立与经济水平相适应的儿童福利制度
从事民政事业数十年的王振耀认为，当前的儿童福利水平与经济发展水平不相匹配，甚至远远落后于经济发展水平。
据了解，我国的儿童福利制度起步于孤残儿童，同时，患大病儿童、残疾儿童、受艾滋病影响儿童、服刑人员子女和流浪未成年人等，也已纳入政府对社会福利的关注范围。
但这还远远不够。报告指出，国家应当立即承担起为困境儿童提供福利服务的责任，从基本医疗、教育福利、安全保护等方面入手，逐步建立起政府主导的、面向全体儿童的福利保障体系。
“中国儿童福利制度建设需要弥补体制缺陷，进行系统设计。”有关专家勾画了出一个“适合中等经济发展水平的儿童福利制度”的基本面貌。
尚晓援认为，首先需要一部统一的《儿童福利法》。国际社会早已建立了针对儿童福利的立法地位。如英国、瑞士、挪威、日本等国家都先后出台了专门的儿童福利法案。“我国可以借鉴上述国家和地区的先进经验，以更好地保证儿童福利的具体实施有法可依。”尚晓援说。
“我们没有统一的儿童福利机构，项目零散，力度不够。”王振耀表示，我国儿童福利政策项目、标准为数不少，涵盖范围也十分广泛，但相对分散和混乱，未能形成全国统一、自成体系、目标明确的国家儿童福利系统。
因此，有关专家建议，尽快建立国家儿童福利系统，包括儿童福利行政管理机构、完善统一的立法，以及专门制定儿童福利预算等等。
“儿童是国家的未来，是所有成年人的未来，确保孩子的安全、健康成长，其实就是做好了我们的事业。”王振耀说，建立与中等经济发展水平相适应的中国儿童福利制度，考验的不仅仅是我国社会福利学界，还有政府和全社会。
【数字观点】
“越是经济不发达地区，儿童的生存与发展状况越需要改善”
从人口分布来看，我国0-14岁的儿童中有34.9%分布在东部地区，中部和西部地区的儿童比例分别为33.0%和32.2%，不存在显著的地区差异。但在少年儿童抚养比方面，西部地区抚养比却高达29%，意味着每100个14至65岁的人口就需要抚养29名0-14岁儿童，而东部地区这一比例仅为19.25%。
“中国目前的儿童福利主要集中于保障儿童的生存与身体健康，并取得相应成效”
中国婴儿死亡率从1991年的50.2‰下降到2009年的13.8‰；5岁以下的儿童死亡率从1991年的每千人中61例下降到2009年的17.2例；5岁以下儿童中重度营养不良比重，从1997年的3.51%下降到2009年的1.71%，其中北京、天津、上海等发达地区已降至0.3%以下。
“儿童无疑成为中国未来发展最重要、最宝贵、但又最稀缺的资源”
中国第六次人口普查数据显示，与“五普”相比，我国60岁及以上人口为1.78亿人，占13.26%，上升2.93个百分点。来自联合国儿童基金会的另一项数据显示，中国青少年占总人口的比例从2000年的18%（2.28亿）下降至2009年的13%（1.8亿），中国老龄化加速。
艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复
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| 图示∶2011年5月正式出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构事迹 |
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"Difficult child" of the security worries (Figure)
Source: Chinese Workers Network - Daily Worker, at 01:51 on June 5, 2011
June 1, Henan Hua County Public Security Bureau Traffic Police Brigade, crossing a joint operation police station, took to the streets to explain to the children taken Bo safety knowledge
"Each year about 10,000 women and children being trafficked, of which 10% were children; road accidents has become the biggest killer of children, accidental injury is the first cause of death for children 0-14 years of age ... ..."
"June" on the eve of International Children's Day, Public Research Institute of Beijing Normal University, One Foundation and UNICEF jointly released the "China Children's Welfare Policy Report (2011)," pointed out that the safety and security of children in child welfare is a weak link especially for orphans, disabled children, street children, beggars, children left behind, children of single parent families, victims of violence and child abuse, and children affected by AIDS and other "difficult child" protection is particularly prominent.
"The welfare of our children have opened the door, but the community care of children with special needs is still significantly less." Public Research Institute of Beijing Normal University President Wang Zhenyao One Foundation called for the establishment as soon as possible with the medium corresponding to the level of economic development the child welfare system in China to achieve a higher level of child protection.
Children face new risks and dilemmas
"In the past 30 years, China in reducing poverty and improving social security work has made remarkable achievements, child development also has been greatly improved. However, due to rapid economic growth, high-speed and large-scale urban process population movements, children face new risks and difficulties. "UNICEF Representative Office in China, Ms. Lin McGee, held May 30 in the second week of child welfare in China on the launch of some speech the on-site guests deep in thought.
Although the national authorities have increased investment in helping children in difficulties, the target is also expanding. However, there are still many children in the social security system the edge of the deep variety of trouble.
The report shows that "the plight of children" including orphans, disabled children, street children, beggars, children left behind, children of single parent families, victims of violence and abuse children, and parents with AIDS or children infected with HIV themselves.
"Our statistics of the plight of children in groups and only vague estimates, and the older part of the data, but still sufficient to show the urgency of the situation." Principal author of the report, professor of Beijing Normal University, Shang Xiao-aid and team access to a wealth of information collected to Following a set of data:
Civil affairs departments in 2010 the number of orphans registered 71.2 million, an increase of 5 years 24%;
2006 data show that various types of disabled children aged 0-17 a total of 5.043 million; the end of 2010, still has 145,000 school-age children with disabilities drop out of school.
According to 2005 data suggested that China has 58 million rural children left behind, of which 27% of children under 5 years old, about 15.66 million.
UNICEF's research predicts the end of 2010 estimated that about 496,000 ~ 894,000 children affected by AIDS in China, of which 2 million to 2.7 million children lost their parents due to AIDS.
Shang Xiaoyuan Xi Wang, the first from the national level, the authorities clearly these statistics in order to more comprehensive assistance, "the plight of children."
Lack of system security
The report notes that China's lack of security in the child the whole set of institutional arrangements. According to statistics, every year more than 20 million children under the age of 14 died due to accident, that the death of every three children is a result of accidental injury. In developed countries, on children's road safety a more comprehensive system design, including legislation, safety education, and has requested custody of the parents, such as children under 14 can not go out alone without adult care and so on.
"In addition to various injuries, the man-made violence can not be ignored." The report said, domestic violence, school violence, the network damage and other environmental damage caused by pollution and other factors are affecting the healthy development of our children.
"In China, the number of children by parents when hitting the billions of dollars, most of them of improper parenting. Although they would be called" abuse "and only 5%, but the projected number of abused children, still tens of millions . "Shang Xiao Aid said.
"The government is also necessary conditions to proceed to the prevention of child abuse and to ensure the safety of children, protect children's basic survival in the top of the right of children to achieve a higher level." Said Wang Zhenyao, should be established for the mandatory reporting system for child safety, child found security is threatened, the state civil servants, teachers, doctors, social workers and all citizens are obliged to report to public security organs.
Establishment and economic level of the child welfare system to adapt
Engaged in decades of civil affairs Wang Zhenyao said that the current level of child welfare and economic development do not match, or even far behind the level of economic development.
It is understood that the child welfare system in China started in the orphans and disabled children, while seriously ill children, disabled children, children affected by AIDS, children, prisoners and homeless minors, have also been incorporated into the Government's concern about the scope of social welfare.
But this is not enough. The report notes that the State should immediately take the plight of children is the responsibility of providing welfare services, from basic health care, education, welfare, security and other aspects, and gradually establish a government-led, open to all children's welfare and security system.
"Construction of the child welfare system in China needs to make up for institutional shortcomings, the system design." Experts outlined a "medium level of economic development for the child welfare system," the basic look.
Shang Xiao-aid that, first of all need a unified "Child Welfare Law." The international community has already established a position against child welfare legislation. Such as the UK, Switzerland, Norway, Japan and other countries have issued a special Child Welfare Act. "China can learn from the advanced experience of countries and regions to better ensure the legal basis for the concrete implementation of the welfare of children." Shang Xiao aid said.
"We do not have a unified child welfare agencies, the project piecemeal, inadequate." Said Wang Zhenyao, our child welfare policies, standards a large number, covering a very wide range, but the relatively dispersed and confusion, unable to form a national unity, since as system, targeted national child welfare system.
Therefore, the experts recommended the establishment of national child welfare system as soon as possible, including the administration of child welfare agencies, improve the uniform legislation, and the development of child welfare budget, and so special.
"Children are the future, the future of all adults to ensure children's safety, healthy growth, in fact, cause us to do." Wang Zhenyao said that the establishment and medium corresponding to the level of economic development the Chinese child welfare system, the test not only the academic welfare of our society, as well as government and society.
【Digital Point of View
"The more economically developed areas, child survival and development of the more needs to be improved"
Of population distribution, our children aged 0-14 34.9% distributed in the eastern, central and western regions the proportion of children were 33.0% and 32.2%, there is no significant regional differences. However, in children dependency ratio, the western region was as high as 29% dependency ratio means that for every 100 people aged 14-65 will need to raise 29 children aged 0-14, while the eastern region compared to just 19.25%.
"China's current child welfare focused on protection of children's survival and good health, and obtain the corresponding results"
China's infant mortality rate from 50.2 ‰ in 1991 down to 2009, 13.8 ‰; 5 years of age child mortality from 1991 down to 61 cases per thousand in 2009 to 17.2 cases; children under 5 years old with moderate to severe nutritional poor declined from 3.51% in 1997 down to 1.71% in 2009, including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and other developed areas has dropped to 0.3%.
"Children of China's future development will undoubtedly become the most important and valuable, but most of scarce resources"
Sixth Chinese census data, and the "census" compared to China's population aged 60 and over 1.78 million people, accounting for 13.26%, up 2.93 percentage points. Another from UNICEF data show that Chinese youth of the total population increased from 18% in 2000 (2.28 million) decreased to 13% in 2009 (1.8 million), China's aging acceleration.
