高一语法要点扫描
光阴似箭,日月如梭。转眼,高一一年的学习生活已经结束了。过去的一学年中,在语法方面,同学们主要学习了定语从句、名词性从句、主谓一致及多种时态等,可谓收获多多。然而,你掌握得如何呢?是不是或多或少有些遗忘了呢?为了帮助同学们进一步巩固和掌握,下文将对这四大语法项目的要点和难点进行扫描。
定语从句要点繁多,同学们极易犯粗心等低级错误。现将定语从句的解题要领编成简易口诀如下:
“解题步骤分为四”
保证正确率的前提是要遵循正确的解题步骤。一般我们可将其分为四步:
1. 分清主从句。
2. 找出先行词。
3. 分析先行词在从句中所充当的句子成分。
4. 决定关联词。
“从句成分定连词”
定语从句的关联词分为关系代词和关系副词。用什么关联词完全是由先行词决定的,也就是看先行词在从句中所充当的句子成分而定。
“重点注意先行词”
掌握定语从句的关键是要特别注意先行词。定语从句通常紧跟在先行词之后,先行词不但决定了关联词的选择而且也决定关联词的人称和数。请同学们注意以下几种情况:
1. 先行词在从句中作表语时,无论是人还是物,关联词一般用that。例如:
Zhang Jike is not the person that he used to be.
2. 先行词为time且在从句中作状语时,关联词用that或when或省略。例如:
Do you still remember the exact time (that /when) the nuclear accident took place at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant?
但是,如果time前面出现了序数词,关联词一般用that或省略。例如:
Do you still remember the first time (that) Wang Hao won the world championship?
3. 先行词为way且在从句中作状语时,关联词用that或in which或省略。例如:
At first, nobody knew the way (that / in which) the world’s most wanted man, Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden was killed in a U. S. raid in Pakistan.
4. 先行词为one of...短语时,要注意从句的主谓一致问题。一般情况下,one of...后面的名词为中心词,从句在人称和数上须与其保持一致。例如:
He is one of the people who have witnessed the horrible tsunami caused by the earthquake.
但是,one of...短语前如果出现了the或the only,one就被看作中心词,从句在人称和数上与one保持一致。试比较:
He is the only one of the people who has witnessed the horrible tsunami caused by the earthquake.
5. 先行词为既有人又有物的短语时,关联词一般用that。例如:
He told me about all the people and things that he had met on the trip to Europe.
6. 先行词指代不明时,即先行词不是一个具体而明确的人或物时,通常套用以下两种句型:
(1) anyone/he who ...;
(2) those/people who ...。例如:
Anyone/He who breaks the rule is to be punished.
Those/People who break the rule are to be punished.
7. 先行词在从句中充当介词宾语时,注意以下三点:
(1) 介词位于从句之尾,先行词是人时,关联词用whom,who或that,而且可以省略;先行词是物时,关联词用that或which,也可以省略。例如:
The man(whom/who/that) you spoke to is our new teacher.
Nearby is the bus(that/which) we came here on just now.
(2) 介词位于从句之首,先行词是人时,关联词只能用whom,而且不可省略;先行词是物时,关联词只能用which,也不可省略。试比较:
The man to whom the reporter spoke is Gao Xiaosong who got 6 months, imprisonment for reckless driving.
Nearby is the bus on which we came herejust now.
(3) 如果介词与动词构成固定短语,介词不可以前置。例如:
They often think of the boy (whom/who/that) they looked after when he was young.(after不能提前)
“更要兼顾其他事”
所谓“其他事”,指的是其他注意要点。它们同样是同学们学习定语从句不可忽略的核心部分。
1. 关系副词一般都可以用“介词+which”代替。例如:
The hotel where/at which we stayed during our holidays stands by the seaside.
We will never forget the days when/in which the 17th Sports Games of Jiangsu was hosted in Changzhou.
She didn’t tell us the reason why/for which she had given up the chance.
2. whose与of which的对比。先行词在从句中作定语时,关联词一般用whose,但有时也可用of which。这取决于先行词是人还是物,如果是人,只能用whose;如果是物,则既可用whose也可用of which。请比较:
This is the very child whose parents were killed in the traffic accident.
Teachers are to use words whose meaning/of which the meaning is clear to students.
3. as用作关系代词时,主要用于以下三种场合:
(1) 先行词前面出现了such。例如:
I will provide you with such things as you may need.
但是,注意区别such ... as(定语从句)与such ... that(结果状语从句),关键是看从句的句子成分是否完整;如果完整,用that,否则用as,因为引导定语从句的关联词as在从句中充当句子成分。请比较:
Our maths teacher has never set such a difficult task as we can’t finish. (as引导定语从句)
Our maths teacher has never set such a difficult task that we can’t finish it. (that引导结果状语从句)
(2) 先行词前面如果出现了the same,一般用as作关联词,表示两者相像。但如果两者指的是同一样东西或同一个人,则用that。请比较:
I have bought the same T-shirt as yours.
She is the same teacher that was praised on Teachers’ Day.
(3) 引导非限制性定语从句。例如:
As is well known to all, all the five gold medals were won by Chinese athletes at the 51st World Table Tennis Championships in Rotterdam.
4. 关系代词的省略。一般情况下,关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。例如:
The old man (whom) you just met at the gate is our manager.
但是,在以下三种情况下,关系代词不可省略:
(1) 关系代词紧跟在介词之后;
(2) 非限制性定语从句中;
(3) 一个先行词同时带有两个定语从句,在第二个定语从句中关系代词即使作宾语也不可省略。
5. as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句,但有所不同。
(1) 从先行词来看,as指代的是整个主句,而which既可以指代整个主句,也可以指代某一名词。例如:
The president stood by a window inside the room, which I entered, looking over the square.
(2) 从位置来看,which从句一般在主句之后,而as从句则比较灵活,可以在主句之后,也可以在主句之首,甚至还可以在主句中间。例如:
Johnson’s younger brother has become a soldier, which is what he wanted to be.
The 23-year-old Zhang Jike, as we all know, dethroned top seed Wang Hao 4-2 to clinch the men’s singles title at the World Table Tennis Championships on Sunday.
(3) as从句译成汉语时有“如 ……,像 ……”之意。
6. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
名词性从句主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。之所以把这四种从句统称为名词性从句,主要是因为在句中作主语、宾语、表语和同位语的通常是名词。换言之,这四种从句的语法功能相当于名词,故它们有很多相同之处。名词性从句的相同和不同之处请见下表:
谓语动词与主语在人称和数上必须保持一致。主谓一致不外乎遵循三个原则,即:语法一致,语意一致和就近一致原则。但在具体运用时,很难界定什么时候应该遵循什么原则。根据主谓一致不同的特点,现列表归纳如下:
此外,主谓一致还应注意以下几组短语:
1. a number of+复数名词———谓语动词复数the number of+复数名词———谓语动词单数
2. many a+单数名词———谓语动词单数a (good/great) many+复数名词———谓语动词复数
3. more than one+单数名词———谓语动词单数more+复数名词+than one———谓语动词复数
4. one or two+复数名词———谓语动词复数one+单数名词+or two———谓语动词单数复数皆可
5. one and a half+复数名词———谓语动词单数a/an+单数名词+and a half ———谓语动词单数
6. a large quantity of+不可数名词———谓语动词单数large quantities of+不可数名词———谓语动词复数
注意:a large quantity of和large quantities of修饰可数名词时,谓语动词用复数。
7. this kind of+单/复数名词———谓语动词单数复数名词+of this kind———谓语动词单数
第二模块的主要语法项目是时态,如现在完成时,现在完成进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,过去将来时等。分析和研究历年高考试题不难发现,学习时态特别要注意以下三点:
1. 将来的表达
将来时的表达方法主要有六种。即:
(1) will/shall do,这是将来时最常用的表达;
(2) be going to do,一般表示意图,含有“打算,计划,准备做某事”的意思;
(3) be about to do,通常表示即刻或马上就要发生的动作,而且不能带有具体的时间状语;
(4) be to do,表示计划或日程已经安排好了的将要发生的动作;
(5) be doing,进行时表示将来常有“意图”、“安排”或“打算”的含义,用于最近或较近的将来,且通常是瞬间动词。进行时是表示正在发生或进行的动作还是表示将来某一时间将要发生的动作,主要取决于时间状语。
(6) 一般现在时。一般现在时表示将来主要用于三种情况:
(a) 表示最近的将来,即说话人说话时动作尚未开始但即将开始。例如:
Now I tell you how Chinese athletes made excellent performances at the 51st World Table Tennis Cham-pionships in Rotterdam.
(b) 表示已事先安排好的将来的活动。这种安排在很长时间内是固定的,不容轻易改变。例如:
We’re waiting for the children on the train from Chengdu that arrives at 10:30.
(c) 在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中表示将来。例如:
If the public vehicles are more efficient and convenient, most people will not buy private cars.
2. 瞬间动词与完成时
瞬间动词可以用于完成时,但在肯定句中不可带有时间状语。可以说:Many Chinese people have come back from Japan for fear of nuclear radiation,但不可以说:Many Chinese people have come back from Japan for fear of nuclear radiation for more than two months。然而在汉语中这样的表达比比皆是。那么,这样的句子用英语该如何表达呢?我们通常用以下三种句型来转换。
(1) 用状态性动词来表达。
Many Chinese people have been back from Japan for fear of nuclear radiation for more than two months.
(2) 用“It is/has been+一段时间+since从句”来表达。
It is more than two months since many Chinese people came back from Japan for fear of nuclear radiation.
(3) 用“一段时间+has passed+since从句”来表达。
More than two months has passed since many Chinese people came back from Japan for fear of nuclear radiation.
3. 完成时与完成进行时
尽管两者都可以表达在过去发生,一直持续到现在,有可能还要再继续下去的动作,但可以从三个方面加以区别:
(1) 现在完成进行时通常表示一直在进行的动作,而现在完成时除了可以表示一直在进行的动作,还可以表示反复的动作。例如:
I have visited the Birds’ Nest three times since I came to Beijing.(本句不宜用现在完成进行时。 )
(2) 行为动词既可用完成时,也可用完成进行时;而状态性动词只能用完成时,而不能用完成进行时。例如:
I have been taking photos of the modern and beautiful buildings newly built in my hometown with the camera I have had for five years.
(3) 虽然现在完成时和现在完成进行时都可以表示在过去发生,一直进行到现在,可能还要继续下去的动作,但现在完成进行时除了强调动作一直在进行、从未间断过之外,还带有强烈的感情色彩。例如:
— Here you are at last!We have been waiting for you for more than an hour!
— I’m sorry, but my car was stuck on the way.
由“Here you are at last!(你总算来了)”可以看出,前者对后者的迟到行为极为不满。
巩固练习
1. We all findnecessary that more education about food safetyto the owners of restaurants and food processing companies.
A. that; should give B. it; be given C. it; should give D. /; should be given
2. The fact troubles me muchI have been unable to pass the driving test up to now.
A. which B. because C. why D. that
3. If law and ordernot good, neither the citizen nor his propertysafe.
A. are; is B. is; are C. are; are D. is; is
4. — Sorry, I’m late.
— That’s OK. Ilong.
A. haven’t waited B. don’t wait
C. haven’t been waiting D. didn’t wait
5. It’s known to usthere is pollution, there is harm.
A. that B. where C. what D. that where
6. My parents usedthey had to get a new car for my brother.
A. what B. which C. all what D. /
7. The bossdepartment my father worked ten years ago has donated a lot of money to the earthquake-stricken areas.
A. in which B. in that C. in whose D. whose
8. Exports have risen by 30%, a sign the economy is improving.
A. which B. where C. that D. with which
9.of the land in that districtcovered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are
10. He is the only one of the competitors thatdefeated.
A. have never been B. has never C. were D. has never been
11. More than eight monthspassed since weto high school.
A. have; came B. have; have come C. has; have come D. has; came
12. —What timeOwen tomorrow?
—At 3:00 p.m..
A. do you meet B. did you meet C. would you meet D. are you meeting
13. September 10th is the dayteachers and students all over the country celebrate every year.
A. when B. on which C. that D. for which
14. —When are you leaving?
—My planeat 10:45.
A. takes off B. took off
C. is about to take off D. will take off
15.makes us happy is that a poet and artistcoming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting this afternoon.
A. What; is B. As; are C. What; are D. That; is
16. He changed his mind for the second time, afterI refused ever to go out with him again.
A. what B. that C. all D. which
17. We eachstrong points and each of us on the other handweak points.
A. have; have B. has; have C. has; has D. have; has
18.some teenagers don’t realize isdifficult life can be after they get addicted to drugs.
A. What; how B. That; how C. That; what a D. What; what a
19. This is the third time you , ?
A. had been late; hadn’t you B. have been late; isn’t it
C. have been late; haven’t you D. had been late; isn’t it
20. It’s not you but Mr. Anderson whoto answerthe incident.
A. are; for B. were; to C. is; for D. was; back
21. —Iso hard recently that Iany time for collecting new stamps.
— OK, I’ll ring you up if I have any news.
A. have worked; hadn’t B. have been working; haven’t had
C. am working; haven’t D. have been working; hadn’t had
22. It is the very buswe’ll go to the Summer Palace.
A. where B. in that C. on which D. by which
23. Ten miles north of the citya large beautiful park.
A. lies B. is lying C. lie D. are lying
24. As many childrencame were given some sweets.
A. that B. as C. who D. whom
25. My sonhis English composition last night, and now he is still continuing it.
A. wrote B. was writing C. had written D. has written
26. Excuse me, is the umbrellayou have been looking for?
A. one B. it C. what D. that
27. —Mary came back yesterday.
—Whereshe ?
A. has; gone B. had; gone C. has; been D. had; been
28. This is the paperI read every day andI find so interesting.
A. /; / B. which; / C. /; which D. which; whose
29. — David and Vickymarried?
—For about three years.
A. How long were; being B. How long have; got
C. How long have; been D. How long did; get
30. Early to bed and early to risea good habit.
A. are B. is C. were D. was
答案与解析
1 ~5 BDDCD 6 ~10 ACCCD 11 ~15 DDCAA
16 ~20 DDABC 21 ~25 BCABB 26 ~30 CDCCB
4. C 现在完成进行时带有强烈的感情色彩。应答的人对对方的道歉表示宽慰。
5. D that引导主语从句,而主语从句本身又是一个主从复合句,where引导条件状语从句。
7. C 定语从句的谓语动词work是不及物动词,所以必须用介词in。
12. D 进行时表示将来,含有“打算,安排”之意。
13. C 先行词day在从句中作宾语。
14. A 一般现在时表示将来,而be about to do表示将来时不可带具体的时间状语。
15. A 第一空考查主语从句,从句缺少主语,所以用关联词what;而第二空考查主谓一致,a poet and artist指的是一个人,故用单数形式。
18. A 考查名词性从句。第一空考查主语从句,从句缺主语,故选what;第二空考查表语从句,从句是系表结构。
22. C 具体的交通工具或通讯工具前不用by。
24. B 考查定语从句。先行词前出现了same, as, so时,关联词用as。
26. C 考查表语从句。
27. D 考查时态。问句中的yesterday暗示“她去哪里了?”是过去的过去,所以用过去完成时。
28. C 考查定语从句。一个先行词带有两个定语从句时,即使关联词在第二个定语从句中作宾语一般也不可省略。
30. B 考查主谓一致。“early to bed and early to rise”表示“早睡早起”的概念,所以用单数形式。
注:本文中所涉及到的图表、注解、公式等内容请以PDF格式阅读原文
本文为全文原貌未安装PDF浏览器用户请先下载安装
原版页码:93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102原版全文
上一页
1
2
3
4
下一页
共4页
到第页
高一语法要点扫描
评论
14 views