再论宇称不守恒的客观性
胡良 深圳市宏源清实业有限公司
摘要：在弱相互作用中，互为镜像的物质的运动具有不对称性，就是宇称不守恒定律。
关键词：宇称对称，宇称不对称，背景空间，孤立量子体系，不确定性原理
作者：总工，高工，硕士，副董事长
1对称性的内涵
基本粒子具有三种对称方式：第一种，粒子与反粒子互相对称，称为电荷(C)对称；第二种，空间反射对称，体现为如果同一种粒子之间互为镜像，则其运动规律是相同的，称为宇称(P)对称；第三种，时间反演对称，体现为如果颠倒粒子的运动方向，则粒子的运动是相同的，称为时间(T)对称。
Basic particles have three ways of symmetry: the first is that particles and antiparticles are symmetrical to each other, which is called charge (C) symmetry; the second is that space reflection is symmetrical, which means that if the same particles are mirror images of each other, their motion The law is the same, known as parity (P) symmetry; the third, time inversion symmetry, is reflected in that if the direction of particle motion is reversed, the particle motion is the same, called time (T) symmetry.
2宇称不守恒定律的逻辑
在弱相互作用中，互为镜像的物质的运动具有不对称性，就是宇称不守恒定律。宇称守恒是指一个粒子的镜像与其本身性质完全相同；或者说，对于完全相同的同一种粒子，在弱相互作用的环境中，其运动规律并不完全相同（粒子在弱相互作用下宇称是不守恒的）；换句话说，互相镜像的两个相同的粒子，其衰变方式在镜子里与镜子外是不相同的。
In weak interactions, the movements of mirror-image substances have asymmetry, which is the parity-non-conservation law. Parity conservation means that the mirror image of a particle is exactly the same as its own nature; or, for the same particle of the same type, in a weakly interacting environment, its motion law is not exactly the same (the particle is parity under weak interaction Is not conserved); in other words, two identical particles that mirror each other have different decay modes in the mirror and outside the mirror.
宇称不守恒定律，已通过实验验证。例如，观测钴60的衰变（两套实验装置），其中，一套装置中的钴60原子核自旋方向转向左旋，而另一套装置中的钴60原子核自旋方向转向右旋；也就是说，两套装置中的钴60互为镜像。这两套装置中的钴60放射出来的电子数有很大差异，并且电子放射的方向也不能够互相对称。
Parity is not conserved, which has been verified by experiment. For example, observing the decay of cobalt 60 (two experimental devices), in which the spin direction of the cobalt 60 nuclei in one set turned left and the spin direction of the cobalt 60 nuclei in the other set turned right; that is, The cobalt 60 in the two devices is a mirror image of each other. The number of electrons emitted by cobalt 60 in these two devices is very different, and the direction of electron emission cannot be symmetrical to each other.
3宇称不守恒与不确定性原理
对称的本质是指，如果将反粒子代替粒子，把左换成右及颠倒时间的方向，而变换后的物理过程仍然遵循相同的物理定律。
现实是，基本粒子世界的物理规律不存在绝对的对称性，宏观的宇宙也不存在绝对的对称性；所谓的对称性是相对的，体现了物理学的不确定性原理。
The essence of symmetry means that if antiparticles are substituted for particles, the left is changed to the right and the direction of time is reversed, and the transformed physical process still follows the same physical laws.
The reality is that there is no absolute symmetry in the physical laws of the elementary particle world, nor absolute symmetry in the macrocosm; the so-called symmetry is relative, reflecting the principle of uncertainty in physics.
例如，时间反演不对称，就意味着，时光是不可能倒流的，体现了因果律的本质。根据量子三维常数理论，h*C=Vp*C^(3)，宇宙可理解为一个孤立量子体系与背景空间（环境）构成；这意味着，一个孤立量子体系的运动轨迹体现为，该孤立量子体系的内禀属性与背景空间（环境）相互作用的结果；由于背景空间（环境）具有不确定性，导致孤立量子体系的运动轨迹具有不确定性。
For example, asymmetry in time inversion means that time cannot go back, reflecting the essence of causality. According to the theory of quantum three-dimensional constants, h*C=Vp*C^(3), the universe can be understood as an isolated quantum system composed of background space (environment); this means that the trajectory of an isolated quantum system is reflected by the isolation The result of the interaction between the intrinsic properties of the quantum system and the background space (environment); due to the uncertainty of the background space (environment), the trajectory of the isolated quantum system is uncertain.
对于地球来说，地球本身有自转，并且围绕太阳运行；这意味着，地球本身的运动具有不对称性；如果以地球作为背景空间（环境），则在地球上的任何孤立量子体系的运动轨迹都具有不对称性。
For the earth, the earth itself rotates and orbits the sun; this means that the movement of the earth itself is asymmetric; if the earth is used as the background space (environment), then the movement trajectory of any isolated quantum system on the earth All have asymmetry.
从另一个角度来看，被观测的系统与背景空间（环境）构成了整个宇宙，而观测本身属于背景空间（环境）的一部分；由于背景空间（环境）具有不确定性，所以对于相同状态的量子系统进行观测之后，可得到不同的结果（体现为概率分布）。也就是说，量子系统的内禀属性与背景空间（环境）的相互作用，共同构成了最后的观测结果。
From another perspective, the observed system and the background space (environment) constitute the entire universe, and the observation itself is part of the background space (environment); because the background space (environment) is uncertain, for the same state of After the quantum system is observed, different results (embodied as a probability distribution) can be obtained. In other words, the interaction between the intrinsic properties of the quantum system and the background space (environment) constitutes the final observation result.
例一，观测钴60的衰变的两套实验装置，虽然为这两套实验装置的内禀属性相同；但其背景空间（环境）是地球，而地球由于自旋转导致背景空间具有较大的不同；最终导致这两套装置中的钴60放射出来的电子数有很大差异，并且电子放射的方向也不能够互相对称。
Example 1: The two experimental devices for observing the decay of cobalt 60, although the intrinsic properties of the two experimental devices are the same; but the background space (environment) is the earth, and the background space of the earth is greatly different due to the rotation of the earth Finally, the number of electrons emitted by cobalt 60 in these two devices is very different, and the direction of electron emission cannot be symmetrical to each other.
例二，有两辆相互之间镜像的小汽车，在高速路上向前运动；驾驶员做完全相同的动作（仅仅只是左右交换一下操作）；这意味着，这两辆小汽车具有相同的内禀属性（除了镜像外）；通常认为，这两辆小汽车具有相同的运动轨迹。假如，有一个石块从路边飞向右边的小汽车（对于这两辆小汽车，背景空间有所不同），则这两辆小汽车的运动轨迹将会有所不同了。显然，由于背景空间（环境）本身的宇称是不守恒的，才是导致宇称不守恒的内在原因。
Example two, there are two cars mirroring each other, moving forward on the highway; the driver does exactly the same action (just swapping left and right); this means that the two cars have the same internal Intrinsic properties (except for mirror images); it is generally believed that these two cars have the same trajectory. If there is a stone flying from the roadside to the car on the right (for these two cars, the background space is different), the trajectory of the two cars will be different. Obviously, because the parity of the background space (environment) itself is not conserved, it is the internal cause of the non-conservation of the parity.
4，诺特定理的内涵
诺特定理体现了连续对称性及守恒定律是相对应的；物理学定律不随着时间而改变，表达了时间的对称性。或者说，诺特定理是指对于每个局部作用下的可微对称性，存在一个对应的守恒流；物理量的守恒定律采用连续性方程表达。
Noether's theorem embodies that continuous symmetry and conservation laws are corresponding; the laws of physics do not change with time, expressing the symmetry of time. In other words, Noord's theorem refers to the existence of a corresponding conservative current for each differentiable symmetry under local action; the conservation law of physical quantities is expressed by a continuity equation.
这意味着，物理系统对于空间平移的具有不变性（物理定律不随着空间中的位置而变化）体现了动量守恒定律；物理系统对于转动的不变性体现了角动量守恒定律；物理系统对于时间平移的不变性体现了能量守恒定律。
This means that the physical system's invariance to the translation of space (physical law does not change with the position in space) reflects the law of conservation of momentum; the invariance of the physical system to rotation reflects the law of conservation of angular momentum; the physical system's translation to time The invariance of embodies the law of conservation of energy.
值得注意的是，对于一个孤立量子体系来说，诺特定理才成立；也就是说，如果某一个孤立量子体系的背景空间（环境）保持不变，则对于该孤立量子体系来说，诺特定理成立。
It is worth noting that for an isolated quantum system, Noord’s theorem holds; that is, if the background space (environment) of an isolated quantum system remains unchanged, for the isolated quantum system, Nott The theorem holds.
而宇称不守恒定律的边界条件是，该孤立量子体系的背景空间（环境）是变化的（不对称的）。可见，诺特定理与宇称不守恒定律并不相互矛盾。
The boundary condition of the parity non-conservation law is that the background space (environment) of the isolated quantum system is variable (asymmetric). It can be seen that Noord's law and parity non-conservation laws are not contradictory.