宋圭武观点15：世界需要进行第三次启蒙

今天跟各位交流一下启蒙问题。

从人类启蒙史看，人类大体经过了两次大的启蒙。第一次是轴心时代。“轴心时代”或“轴心期”的概念，是德国哲学家卡尔·雅斯贝尔斯在《历史的起源与目标》一书中首先提出的，指公元前8至2世纪这六百年间，印度、中国、古希腊、伊朗和以色列等地区不约而同出现了一大批伟大的哲学家或宗教家，他们的思想为人类第一次开启了智慧之光，也为以后的人类文明奠定了基本根基。

第二次启蒙是指发生在17、18世纪的欧洲启蒙运动，这次启蒙运动将世界历史拉入到了一个以科学和人为中心的时代，科学成了拯救人的主要手段。欧洲黑死病的大爆发，是欧洲发生第二次启蒙运动的前夜。但这次启蒙有两个内在的缺陷。其一，现世主义的极大扩张。人们将生活的关注点更加投向今生今世，而不是来世。其二，物质主义的极大扩张。物质成了拯救人的主要手段。

    这两个缺陷最终引发了一系列问题。 其一，焦虑感的普遍上升。一些研究表明，焦虑已升格为席卷全球最普遍的精神健康问题。其二，形成自恋文化。其三，道德的普遍滑坡。其四，消费至上主义。消费成了人们体现人生存在意义的主要手段。其五，文化的堕落。在市场化和工业化的推动下，文化本身也市场化和工业化。物质和金钱成了衡量文化的标准，而不是相反。其六，环境的严重污染和破坏。

    客观实践发展形势表明，世界需要新启蒙，需要进行第三次启蒙。第三次启蒙的总目标，是建设文明新形态。

    新启蒙在政治方面的目标是要寻找一种更加注重张扬正义的体制。

    新启蒙在经济方面的目标是要探索建立一种新的经济结构和新的经济发展模式。新启蒙需要更加要注重发展农业文明，农业文明要回归自然文明，要降低工业化的速度，要大力发展生态循环经济。

新启蒙在文化方面的目标是要建立一种新的精神文明。要重新反思文化的世俗化。要反对过度世俗化。文化需要富含理性、诚信、敬畏意识。其中重点要树立敬畏意识。

新启蒙在社会方面的目标是要建立更加公平和人道的社会。要真正实现按劳分配，要对弱势群体给予更多人道主义关怀。

新启蒙在环境保护方面要更加注重生态文明建设。

新启蒙的主体仍是知识分子。知识分子本质是为思想而献身公共事务的学者，知识分子是天然的启蒙者和社会改造者。知识分子本质是“为思想而活，而不是靠思想生活”。

新启蒙的主导是政府。政府要为新启蒙发挥好主导作用。对于国内建设而言，政府的关键作用是无可替代的。对于世界问题而言，全球问题需要全球视角，各国政府需要进一步加强合作，要多通过协商和对话等途径解决问题，反对战争。对有争议领土和海域，可采取搁置保护政策，这样既有利于环境保护，也有利于化解争端。

好，谢谢各位，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's Viewpoint 15: The World Needs a Third Enlightenment

Today, I want to talk to you about the enlightenment.From the perspective of human enlightenment history, human beings have generally undergone two major enlightenments.The first one is the Axial Age.The concept of "Axis Age" or "Axis Period" was first proposed by the German philosopher Karl Jaspers in The Origin and Objective of History. It refers to the 600 years from 8th to 2nd century BC, when a large number of great philosophers or religious figures emerged simultaneously in India, China, ancient Greece, Iran and Israel. Their thoughts opened the light of wisdom for the first time for human beings and laid a basic foundation for the later human civilization. The second enlightenment refers to the European Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries. This enlightenment dragged the world history into an era with science and people as the center, and science became the main means to save people.The outbreak of the Black Death in Europe was the eve of the second enlightenment in Europe.But this enlightenment had two inherent defects.First, the great expansion of secularism.People paid more attention to the present life rather than the afterlife.Second, the great expansion of materialism.Material became the main means to save people.These two defects eventually led to a series of problems. First, the general rise of anxiety. Some studies show that anxiety has risen to the most common mental health problem across the world.Second, the formation of narcissistic culture.Third, the general decline of morality.Fourth, consumerism.Consumption has become the main means for people to reflect the meaning of life.Fifth, cultural degeneration.Pushed by marketization and industrialization, culture itself has also become market-oriented and industrialized.Materials and money have become the standard to measure culture, rather than the other way around.Sixth, serious pollution and destruction of the environment.The objective situation of practical development shows that the world needs a new enlightenment, the third enlightenment.The general goal of the third enlightenment is to build a new form of civilization.The political goal of the new enlightenment is to find a system that pays more attention to publicizing justice.The economic goal of the new enlightenment is to explore the establishment of a new economic structure and a new economic development model.The new enlightenment needs to pay more attention to the development of agricultural civilization, which should return to natural civilization, slow down the speed of industrialization, and vigorously develop ecological circular economy.The cultural goal of the new enlightenment is to build a new spiritual civilization.We should rethink the secularization of culture.We should oppose excessive secularization.Culture should be rich in rationality, integrity and awe.The key is to establish the sense of awe. The goal of the new enlightenment in terms of society is to build a more fair and humane society.It is to truly achieve distribution according to work and to give more humanitarian care to the vulnerable groups. In terms of environmental protection, the new enlightenment should pay more attention to the construction of ecological civilization. The main body of the new enlightenment is still the intellectuals.The essence of the intellectuals is to devote themselves to public affairs for ideas, and the intellectuals are natural enlighteners and social reformers.The essence of the intellectuals is to "live for ideas, not live by ideas". The leading role of the new enlightenment is the government.The government should play a leading role in the new enlightenment.For domestic construction, the key role of the government is irreplaceable.For world problems, global problems need a global perspective, and governments need to further strengthen cooperation. It is necessary to solve problems through consultation and dialogue and oppose war.For disputed territories and sea areas, the policy of shelving protection can be adopted, which is not only conducive to environmental protection, but also conducive to resolving disputes. OK, thank you very much. Thank you.