新浪科技讯 北京时间1月20日消息，据国外媒体报道，大自然是人类赖以生存的母体，人类的发展进步离不开大自然的庇护。在科学领域同样如此，科学家和工程师们的很多发明创造都是从大自然身上获得灵感，比如能够像鸟类和蝙蝠一样在天空中振翅飞翔的侦察相机，拥有壁虎足垫一样粘附功能的机器人可以在垂直的光滑墙壁上攀爬等。以下十四种仿生发明技术的创新灵感都来源于大自然的动物和人类身上，充分体现了大自然无与伦与的神奇力量。
1.模仿大象鼻子的机器人手臂
模仿大象鼻子的机器人手臂
机器人总是受到当时计算机发展水平的限制。不过，随着计算机技术的持续发展，它们可以为机器人的动作提供越来越复杂的计算。如下这种设计或许可以让机器人拥有更灵活、更柔韧的动作：一个根据大象鼻子的特点设计出来的新型仿生机器处理系统--“仿生操作助手”。“仿生操作助手”由德国工程公司费斯托公司研制，它可以平稳地搬运重负载，原理在于它的每一节椎骨可以通过气囊的压缩和充气进行扩展和收缩。
2.源自蝙蝠的太阳能侦察机
源自蝙蝠的太能阳侦察机
蝙蝠竟然也可以成为侦察设备的创意源泉。美国军方慷慨解囊1000万美元，资助密歇根大学工程学院研制蝙蝠型太阳能自动侦察机。这款自动侦察机长约6英寸(约合15厘米)，拥有一个透明的头部，其中装有一个太阳能电池板，它还拥有一对像蝙蝠翅膀一样的飞行翼。仅仅依靠1瓦特的能量，它其中的相机就可以搜集大量的侦察数据。
3.鸟类头骨帮助科学家研制出更轻、更坚固的建筑材料
鸟类头骨帮助科学家研制出更轻、更坚固的建筑材料
为了设计出一种高效的仿生材料，建筑师安德列斯-哈里斯曾经专门研究过动物的骨骼，尤其是鸟类的头骨。哈里斯表示，“一般说来，头骨拥有强大的防撞击结构，同时它们也非常轻，可以对其中最重要的动物器官进行有效的保护。这种物理特性可以应用于建筑结构的设计上。”哈里斯在一个大型帐蓬上测试过这种材料，他认为这种设计也可以应用于汽车之上。
4.子弹头列车设计灵感来自翠鸟的喙
子弹头列车设计灵感来自翠鸟的喙
翠鸟从空中一头扎入水中，不会溅起任何水花，这主要归功于它那特殊形状的喙。日本工程师们意识到，同样的形状可以解决日本超高速子弹头列车所面临的一个烦人问题。此前，这种列车在驶离隧道时会产生音爆现象。列车在高速行驶中，前部“鼻子”形成的风墙不仅仅会产生巨大的噪音，而且还会减慢列车的速度。而根据翠鸟喙部形状设计的新型列车“鼻子”可以消除这些问题，可以帮助列车能效提高20%。
5.源自猫大脑的仿生计算机
源自猫大脑的仿生计算机
近年来，计算机技术已经取得了重大进展，但即使再强大的超级计算机也无法像猫那样能够识别出人类的面部。密歇根大学科学家决定研究猫的大脑以研制一台智能计算机。现有的计算机以线性模式执行代码，而哺乳动物的大脑则完全相反，它们可以同时处理许多事务。科学家正在研制一种电路元件，这种设备可以像仿生神经键一样处理事务。它可以记住通过的电压数，这与动物大脑中的记忆和学习功能相似。密歇根大学计算机工程师卢韦认为，这种创意比仿生人类大脑更具现实意义。
6.模仿蝙蝠声波导航功能的声波手杖
模仿蝙蝠声波导航功能的声波手杖
众所周知，蝙蝠可以在漆黑的空间里利用超声回声自由飞行，超声回声可以帮助它们定位障碍物的位置。声波手杖就是模仿了蝙蝠的声波导航功能，它可以警告盲人路上遇到的障碍物。每一根声波手杖上都拥有无数的传感器，甚至可以帮助盲人发现比头部还要高的障碍物。
7.仿生人类耳朵的无线电芯片
仿生人类耳朵的无线电芯片
这种无线电芯片比人类设计的任何频谱分析仪都要快，而且它几乎不需要电能。这种技术之所以能够成为现实，就在于它模仿了人类的耳朵。美国麻省理工学院的研究人员对耳蜗转换声波的方式进行了深入研究。声波在内耳中产生机械波，它可以激发微型毛发电池从而产生电信号。麻省理工学院研制的人造耳蜗无线电芯片就是采用了这种设计原理。这种芯片可以接收手机、互联网、收音机和电视等多种信号。
8.模仿鸟类的微型飞机
模仿鸟类的微型飞机
当你发现自己的房子上空出现一个小型的飞行物时，不要以为它肯定是普通鸟类或蝙蝠，它也有可能是一架微型飞机。名为“RoboSwift”的微型飞机由荷兰代尔夫特理工大学研制，它是根据雨燕的生物学特征设计的。众所周知，雨燕是一类飞行速度极快的鸟类。在“RoboSwift”微型飞机上装上侦察相机，可以用来研究其他鸟类，甚至还可以对人类活动进行侦察。风洞试验发现，它不仅仅可以像鸟类一样快速飞行，而且还拥有向后收起羽毛的功能。
9.模仿壁虎的粘性机器人
模仿壁虎的粘性机器人
如果没有吸盘，机器人如何在垂直、光滑的物体(如玻璃)表面攀爬呢？而使用吸盘速度很慢，效率很低。美国斯坦福大学机械工程学教授马克-库特科斯基研制了一种“粘性机器人”，其设计灵感就源自壁虎足垫上的小刚毛。壁虎足垫上长有数以百万计的小刚毛，小刚毛还拥有细微的分叉尖端，它们可以与物体表面的分子结合，产生强大的粘附力。这种粘附力可以帮助壁虎自由地在垂直、光滑的物体表面攀爬。
10.鹿角结构成为制造超强工业材料的原理
鹿角结构成为制造超强工业材料的原理
鹿角为什么会如此坚硬？英国约克大学科学家也无法确定鹿角的湿度是否会对其强度产生影响。因此，科学家们对鹿角进行了对比研究，对比的标本分别是决斗前的鹿角和决斗后被切开的鹿角。在决斗前，需要鹿角处于最坚硬的状态。研究人员发现，在决斗前阶段，鹿角会变得十分干燥。干燥、坚硬的材料通常都易碎，很容易折断，但是鹿角事实上却比人类的骨骼硬2.4倍。这一发现似乎解决了工程师们的一个难题：应该可以制造出一个既硬又干的材料。鹿角的结构极有可能成为制造超强工业材料的原理。
11.人类牙齿结构与航空科技
人类牙齿结构与航空科技
人类牙齿的强度只和玻璃差不多，但为什么它们能够在几十年中经受各种坚硬食物的磨砺？以色列特拉维夫大学研究人员对数千颗人类牙齿进行了深入研究并发现，在压力下牙齿的外层拥有一种特殊的结构，这种结构形成了一个微裂纹网络，而不会产生巨大的裂缝。一段时间后，这些微细的裂纹又可以自动愈合。如果工程师们能够在某种合成材料中找到这种不稳定的多层结构，并以某种方式进行复制，就可以研制出一种更轻、抗撞击能力更强的航空材料。当然，这种自愈合的过程可能需要很长时间才可以实现。
12.壁虎眼睛与未来隐形眼镜
壁虎眼睛与未来隐形眼镜
壁虎的足垫并不是让工程师们获得发明灵感的唯一器官。科学家们发现，壁虎的眼睛中拥有一系列截然不同的中心区，这使得它们能够在夜间看清颜色。这种能力很少在其他动物身上发现。这些区域分别拥有不同的折射率，这使得壁虎的眼睛成为一个多焦点光学系统，不同波段的光线可以同时聚焦于视网膜上。因此，壁虎眼睛的灵敏度比人类的眼睛高出350倍，它们可以聚焦不同距离的各种物体。根据这一发现，科学家们可以研制更高效的相机，甚至可能研制出多焦点隐形眼镜。
13.东方知更鸟羽毛与新一代光学材料
东方知更鸟羽毛与新一代光学材料
雄性东方知更鸟拥有亮丽颜色的羽毛。不过，与自然界其他大多数颜色不同，雄性东方知更鸟羽毛上的颜色并不是由色素形成的。这是由一种类似于啤酒泡沫自组合方式的纳米结构产生的蓝色阴影。不同的物质在变得不稳定并开始相互分离时，就会产生一种“相位分离”现象。本质上讲，这些颜色的形成过程与“相位分离”的方式是一样的。随着羽毛的生长，羽毛中的颜色生成结构会像活细胞中的水泡一样生长。这些复杂的光学结构在显微镜下看起来像是充满气泡的海绵，它们可以用来研制新一代光学材料。
14.人类眼睛与宽视野相机
人类眼睛与宽视野相机
人类眼睛的曲面比任何相机都拥有更宽的视野。对于工程师们来说，挑战在于如何将微电子元件安装到一个曲面上，同时又要保护不损坏它们。美国西北大学科学家黄永刚和伊利诺斯大学科学家约翰-罗杰斯发明了一种曲形相机，这部相机与人类眼睛的大小、形状和原理都几乎一样。科学家们同时研制了一种类似网丝一样的材料，将电子元件固定于曲面之上。这一技术将摄影技术推向一个新高度，新型相机将使得镜头中的全部场景更清晰，而不像现有的相机所拍摄的照片那样中心清晰而两旁景物较为模糊。此外，该技术还有可能推动未来人造视网膜和仿生眼睛的研制。(彬彬)
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| 图示∶2010年12月即将出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构 |
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14 Great bionic inventions: new robot to imitate the trunk (Figure)
http://www.sina.com.cn 2011 年 01 月 20 日 07:42 microblogging Sina Sina Technology Technology Official
SAN FRANCISCO, Jan. 20, according to foreign media reports, the nature of the matrix of human survival, development and progress of human nature can not do without shelters. The same is true in science, many scientists and engineers who inventions are inspired from nature, such as birds and bats can be as they spread their wings in the sky surveillance cameras, has a gecko foot pad adhesion function as robot can climb vertical walls and other smooth. The following fourteen bionic invention and technological innovation inspiration comes from nature, animals and humans, fully reflects the nature and ethics and no magical power.
1. Imitate the elephant nose robot arm
Robot arm to imitate an elephant nose
Robots are always subject to restrictions at the level of computer development. However, with the continued development of computer technology, they can provide the robot moves increasingly complex calculations. As this design may allow the robot to have a more flexible, more flexibility of action: a design based on the characteristics of an elephant nose out of the new Robot handling system - "bionic operations assistant." "Bionic operating assistant" by the German engineering company Festo company developed, it can smoothly carry heavy loads, the principle is that it can be for each vertebra compression and inflatable air bags to expand and contract.
2. From the bats of the solar plane
Yang bats too can be derived from reconnaissance
Even bat detection equipment can also be a source of creativity. U.S. military generous $ 10,000,000 to fund development of the University of Michigan Institute of Solar Bat automatic reconnaissance aircraft. The auto-plane about 6 inches (15 cm), with a transparent head, which is equipped with a solar panel, it also has a pair of flying wings like a bat wing. 1 watt of energy alone, it is one of the camera can collect a large number of reconnaissance data.
3. Bird skull help scientists developed a lighter, stronger building materials
Birds help scientists developed the skull lighter, stronger building materials
In order to design an efficient biomimetic materials, architects Andres - Harris had specifically studied the bones of animals, especially birds of the skull. Harris said, "Generally speaking, the skull has a strong anti-shock structure, but they are also very light, can be one of the most important for effective protection of animal organs. This physical property can be applied to the design of building structures." Harris in a large tent on the material tested, he believes this design can also be used in automobiles over.
4. Bullet train was inspired by Kingfisher's beak
Inspired by a bullet train kingfisher's beak
Kingfisher plunged into the water from the air, not thrown any water droplets, mainly thanks to its special shape that beak. Japanese engineers have realized that the same shape can solve high-speed bullet trains in Japan are facing an annoying problem. Previously, this train left the tunnel will produce a sonic boom phenomenon. Train at high speeds, the front "nose" will not only form a huge wall of wind noise, but also slow down the speed of the train. Kingfisher beak shape, according to the design of new trains, "nose" can eliminate these problems, can help train energy efficiency by 20%.
5. Bionic brain from a computer cat
Biomimetic brain machine from the cat
In recent years, computer technology has made significant progress, but even if more powerful supercomputers can not be like the cat that can identify the human face. University of Michigan scientists decided to study the cat's brain in order to develop an intelligent computer. Linear model of existing computer to execute code, and the mammalian brain is exactly the opposite, they can deal with many issues. Scientists are developing a circuit element, the device can be as key as bionic neural processing services. It can remember the voltage by the number of animals which the brain functions like memory and learning. University of Michigan computer engineer Lu Wei believes that this is more creative than practical significance bionic brain.
6. Imitate the bat's acoustic sound navigation stick
Imitate the bat's acoustic sound navigation stick
As we all know, can bat in the dark space free flight of ultrasonic echo, echo ultrasound can help them locate the position of obstacles. Cane is the acoustic sound waves to imitate the bat's navigation function, it can warn the blind ran into obstacles. Each root of the stick have many acoustic sensors, or even to help blind people find even higher than the head of the obstacles.
7. Bionic human ear radio chip
Bionic human ear radio chip
The radio chip design than any of the human spectrum analyzer to be fast, and it requires almost no power. This technology has been able to become a reality, is that it mimics the human ear. Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of converting sound waves to the cochlea, the way the in-depth study. Mechanical acoustic waves generated in the inner ear, which can stimulate hair cells to produce miniature electrical signal. Artificial cochlea developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology is the use of radio chips of this design principle. The chip can receive phone, internet, radio and television and other signals.
8. Imitate birds, miniature aircraft
Miniature imitation of bird flight
When you find yourself in a small house over there flying objects, do not think that it is certainly common birds or bats, it is also possible that a tiny aircraft. Called "RoboSwift" mini aircraft from the Delft University of Technology research and development, which is based on the biological characteristics of the Swift design. As we all know, Swift is a class of fast flying birds. In the "RoboSwift" mini surveillance camera installed on the aircraft can be used to study other birds, they can even detect human activity. Wind tunnel tests found that it not only as fast as you can fly like birds, but also has the function of feathers back away.
9. Imitate the gecko's adhesive robots
Robot mimic gecko's sticky
If there is no suction, how the robot in the vertical, smooth objects (such as glass) surface to climb it? The use of suction cups very slow, inefficient. Stanford University mechanical engineering professor Mark - Kurt Koski developed a "sticky robot", its design inspiration from the gecko foot pad Xiaogang Mao. Gecko foot long mat millions of Xiaogang Mao, Xiaogang Mao also has a slight edge bifurcation, which can be combined with the molecular surface, resulting in strong adhesion. This can help the gecko adhesion freely in vertical climb smooth surfaces.
10. Antlers of producing super-structure of the principle of industrial materials
Antlers of producing super-structure principles of industrial materials
Why be so hard antlers? University of York scientists are not sure whether the humidity of antlers on its strength of impact. Therefore, the scientists conducted a comparative study of the antlers, the specimens were compared before a duel after duel cut antlers and antlers. In the duel, you need antlers in the most rigid state. The researchers found that, in a duel before the stage, the antlers will become very dry. Dry, hard materials are usually fragile, easily broken, but the antlers hard fact than 2.4 times the human skeleton. This finding appears to the engineers to solve a difficult problem: should be able to create both a hard and dry materials. The structure of antlers is likely to become a super industrial materials manufacturing principles.
11. Human teeth structure and Aviation Technology
Human teeth structure and Aviation Technology
The strength of human teeth and glass only almost, but why they are able to withstand decades of various hard food tempered? Tel Aviv University researchers extracted human teeth of thousands of in-depth research and found that under the pressure of the outer layer of the teeth with a special structure that forms a micro-crack network, and will not have a huge crack. Over time, these tiny cracks and can automatically heal. If the engineers can be found in some synthetic materials such instability in multi-layer structure, and replication in some way, can develop a lighter, more capable anti-air material impact. Of course, this self-healing process may take a long time to be achieved.
12. Gecko eye lens and the future
Gecko eye lens and the future
Gecko's foot pads allow engineers access to the invention is not the only organ of inspiration. Scientists discovered that the gecko's eyes have a distinct central area, which allows them to see color at night. This capability rarely found in other animals. These regions have different refractive indices, respectively, which makes the gecko's eyes become a multi-focus optical system, different wavelengths of light can focus on the retina. Therefore, the sensitivity of the gecko eye higher than 350 times the human eye, they can focus on various objects at different distances. Based on this discovery, scientists can develop more efficient camera, or even developed a multifocal contact lenses.
13. Eastern robin feathers with a new generation of optical materials
Eastern robin feathers and a new generation of optical materials
Oriental male robin has a bright color of the feathers. However, unlike most other colors are different in nature, the male robin feathers Oriental color is not formed by the pigment. This is similar to beer foam from a combination of nano-structure of the blue shadow. Different substances become unstable and begin to separate from each other, it will produce a "phase separation" phenomenon. In essence, the formation of these colors with the "phase separation" approach is the same. With the growth of feathers, feather color in the formation and structure will be like living cells, like the growth of blisters. These complex optical structures under the microscope looks like a sponge full of bubbles, which can be used to develop a new generation of optical materials.
14. The human eye with the Wide Field Camera
Wide Field Camera and the human eye
Surface than any human eye has a wider field of view cameras. For engineers, the challenge is how to install a microelectronic device surface, while also protecting without damaging them. Yonggang Huang of Northwestern University scientists and scientists from the University of Illinois, John - Rogers invented a curved camera, film cameras and human eyes, the size, shape and principles are almost the same. Scientists have also developed a similar mesh like material, will be fixed on the surface above the electronic components. This technology will be photography to a new height, the new camera will make all the scenes shot in the clearer, instead of the existing camera photographs the scene on both sides of that center a clear and more blurred. In addition, the technology could also drive future artificial retina and the development of bionic eye. (Bin-bin)
