常用的艾滋病检测方法有哪些 如何检测艾滋病

　　    发布时间：2011年07月08日 11:39 来源：中国网 

　　一提起艾滋病，很多人都会避而远之，“谈艾色变”是很多人的第一反应。一些人怀疑自己感染了艾滋病，每天生活在恐惧与压力中，苦不堪言，这是人们对艾滋病相关知识缺乏了解所致。其实，艾滋病检测并不神秘，是一种非常普通与常见的检查。

　　艾滋病主要的检测方法：

　　(一)抗体检测

　　主要有酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和免疫荧光试验(IFA)。快速检测法，也称为金标法，也是抗体检测的一种方法，根据免疫层析法的原理，用于HIV抗体检测的定性检测。

　　(二)抗原检测

　　用ELISA检测P24抗原，在HIV感染早期尚未出现抗体时，血中就有该抗原存在。由于P24量太少，阳性率通常较低。现有用解离免疫复合物法或浓缩P24抗原，来提高敏感性。

　　(三)核酸检测

　　用PCR法检测HIV基因，具有快速、高效、敏感和特异等优点，目前该法已被应用于HIV感染早期诊断及艾滋病的研究中。

　　(四)病毒分离

　　常用方法为共培养法，即用正常人外周血液分离单个核细胞，加PHA刺激并培养后，加入病人单个核细胞诊断及艾滋病的研究中。

　　艾滋病常用的检测方法：

　　(一)酶联法

　　即“酶联免疫法”，简称ELISA。它的中心就是让抗体与酶复合物结合，然后通过显色来检测。步骤其实很简单：ELISA用血清来检测，首先血液要经过至少半个小时的凝集，然后取血清(这是有些网友不理解为什么医院抽完了血对血置之不理的原因，其实是误会)。将酶复合物用稀释液稀释后，加血清及阴性、阳性对照，还有就是质控品(这是严格的要求，它的范围必须在质控范围内)。经过一个小时的孵育，然后洗板，加底物，半个小时避光反应后加终止液即完成反应部分，然后就是读数。由数值来判断结果的阴性或阳性。严格的讲，如果第一次检测为阳性的话，无论是哪个实验室，必须按照CDC的HIV操作规程来进行第二次检测，第二次的方法必须与第一次的不同，如还是阳性，将送艾滋病确认实验室确认。

　　(二)快速法

　　即“金标法”，又叫“胶体金法”，金标法是国际上较为先进的灵敏，特异，快速，简便，准确率高的体外诊断方法。测定结果仅凭特制的检测试纸在短时间内即可获得。金标法(艾滋病检测试纸)，取血后滴在试纸上，用15分钟的时间观察该试纸有无颜色变化。

　　艾滋病快速检测法可以在家里自己检测，操作简单方便，不需要特殊的仪器，在艾滋病试纸上先滴两滴血，再滴一滴稀释液，然后等待15分钟读取结果。结果判读也很简单，如果试纸上出现一条红色的直线，说明是阴性，如果是两条红线，就是阳性。如果检测出现阳性，按照HIV检测流程，需要进行复测。

　　使用快速法(艾滋病试纸)进行艾滋病自我检测应该在专业人员指导下进行，以确保整个自测操作过程规范正确，结果准确可靠。

　　(三)蛋白免疫印迹法(WB)

　　艾滋病确诊实验室常用的方法，主要用于确认试验，当初筛出现阳性时，需采用此方法进行确认实验。基本原理是HIV全病毒抗原经过SDS?PAGE电泳，将分子量大小不等的蛋白带分离开来，然后再把这些已经分离的不同蛋白带电转移到硝酸纤维素膜上。将此膜切割成条状，每一条硝酸纤维素膜上均含有经电泳分离过的HIV病毒抗原。将待检血清样品用稀释液稀释成1/100,再把它直接加到硝酸纤维素膜上，恒温震荡，使其充分接触反应，血清中若含有抗HIV抗体，就会与膜条上的抗原带相结合。加入抗人IgG酶结合物和底物后，即可使有反应的抗原？抗体结合带呈现紫褐色，根据出现条带情况判定结果。有报告说，免疫印迹试验的特异性不是很好， 有大约2%的假阳性率，但免疫印迹试验依然是目前最常用的HIV确认试验。

　　如何检测艾滋病？

　　很简单，采集少量静脉血或指尖血即可检测，目前还有一种艾滋病唾液试纸，无需采血。

　　哪些地方可以检测艾滋病？

　　三甲医院、疾控中心(防疫站)、妇幼保健院、皮防所以及具有资格的体检机构都可以做艾滋病检测。使用酶联法一般2-5天出结果，也可能一个星期，具体时间取决于当地检测部门。使用快速法最快当天就可拿到结果，也有可能需要等待几天，具体时间取决于当地检测部门。检测使用酶联法还是快速法同样取决于当地检测部门的安排。

　　艾滋病检测保密吗？

　　是的，目前艾滋病检测实行身份登记，但艾滋病检测部门对检测者资料严格保密，不会泄漏给第三方。出现阳性只会通知本人，不会通知家属或工作单位，也不会进行任何强制性措施。

　　还有更隐私的艾滋病检测方法吗？

　　艾滋病试纸订购中心 (http://www.hiv-check.com )权威提供艾滋病检测试纸，并有专业人员在线提供自测指导，支持匿名订购，保密邮寄。

　　艾滋病检测时间是在什么时候？

　　不安全行为六周后检测就可以确定是否感染。

　　艾滋病检测阳性是不是意味着死亡？

　　艾滋病检测分为初筛和确诊。如果初筛为阳性，还需要艾滋病确诊实验室进行确诊实验，以防假阳性。经过确诊后的阳性结果才能诊断为艾滋病。感染艾滋病并不意味着死亡，艾滋病其实就是一种慢性病。自从1981年人类首次发现艾滋病以来，艾滋病的诊断与治疗水平一直在不断提高。上海市艾滋病治疗专家组组长、上海市(复旦大学附属)公共卫生临床中心教授卢洪洲指出，目前国内艾滋病诊治工作中面临的最大问题在于HIV感染者未能及早被发现；如果及早开展抗病毒治疗，患者寿命可延长30年以上。

　　艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复

　　图示∶2011年5月正式出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构事迹

　　

　　慢性艾滋病早期中医药治疗保障生命论证

　　红津液饮料面世 或将能预防艾滋病

　　更多来源∶新浪商业登载

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　　中国青年网 健康频道

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　　 环球网

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　　HIV testing methods commonly used to detect AIDS, which

　　    Posted: at 11:39 on July 8, 2011 Source: China Network

　　Mention of AIDS, many people will shy away, "to talk about Ai mere mention of" many people's first reaction. Some people suspect they are infected with AIDS, fear and stress in daily life, the miserable, which is one of the AIDS-related knowledge and lack of understanding. In fact, HIV testing is not a mystery, is a very ordinary and common examination.

　　The main method of HIV testing:

　　(A) antibodies

　　There are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Rapid detection method, also known as gold standard method is a method of antibody detection, based on the principle of immunochromatography for the qualitative detection of HIV antibody testing.

　　(B) antigen

　　P24 antigen by ELISA, the antibody has not yet appeared early HIV infection when there is blood in the presence of the antigen. As the amount of P24 too, the positive rate is usually low. With the dissociation of existing law or the concentration of immune complexes, P24 antigen, to improve sensitivity.

　　(C) nucleic acid testing

　　Gene by PCR detection of HIV, with fast, efficient, sensitive and specific advantages, the present method has been applied to the early diagnosis of HIV infection and AIDS research.

　　(D) virus isolation

　　Commonly used method for the co-culture method, which uses normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells plus PHA stimulation and culture, adding mononuclear cells of patients diagnosed and AIDS research.

　　AIDS commonly used detection methods:

　　(A) ELISA

　　Or "ELISA", referred to as ELISA. Its center is an antibody with the enzyme complex combination of color and then to detect. Step is simple: ELISA using serum to detect, at least half an hour to go through the first blood agglutination, and serum (which some users do not understand why the hospital blood extraction was ignored because of the blood, in fact, is a misunderstanding). Enzyme complexes will be diluted with diluent, added serum and negative, positive control, there is quality control materials (this is strictly required, it must be in the range of quality control range). After an hour of incubation, and washer, plus substrate, plus half an hour after dark reaction stop solution to complete the reaction section, and then is reading. To judge by the number of negative or positive results. Strictly speaking, if the first test is positive, then no matter which laboratory must follow the CDC's HIV testing procedures for the second time, the second method must first difference, or if positive, will be sent to HIV confirmation laboratory confirmation.

　　(B) Rapid method

　　The "gold standard method", also known as "colloidal gold", the international gold standard method is more advanced sensitive and specific, fast, simple and accurate high rate of in vitro diagnostic methods. Measured results alone a special test strip can be obtained in a short time. Gold standard method (AIDS test strip), after a drop of blood on the strip, with 15 minutes of time to observe whether the color change of the strip.

　　Rapid HIV testing methods can detect it at home, simple operation, no special equipment, the first drop in AIDS two drops of blood on the strip, and then a drop of diluted solution, and then wait 15 minutes to read the results. Result interpretation is very simple, if the test strip on a red line appears, indicating a negative, if the two red line is positive. If the test appears positive, HIV testing process in accordance with the need to retest.

　　Using the rapid method (AIDS test strips) for HIV self-testing should be conducted under the guidance of professionals to ensure the self-test operation specification is correct, accurate and reliable.

　　(C) Western blot (WB)

　　AIDS diagnosis laboratories commonly used method, mainly for the confirmatory test, were positive when the screening, the need to confirm the experiments using this method. All the basic principles of the HIV virus antigen after SDS? PAGE electrophoresis, proteins with molecular sizes of the separated, then these different proteins have been isolated charged transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. This film cut into strips, each containing a nitrocellulose membrane were separated by electrophoresis, had the HIV virus antigens. The tested serum samples diluted with dilution 1 / 100, then it is directly added to the nitrocellulose membrane, temperature shock, so full contact reaction, if the serum contains anti-HIV antibodies, and the film will be on the bar combination with antigen. Adding anti-human IgG conjugate and substrate, you can make a response to the antigen? Antibody showed purple with brown bands appear to be determined according to the results. There are reports that the Western blot test specificity is not very good, about 2% false positive rate, but the Western blot test is still the most commonly used confirmatory test for HIV.

　　How to detect HIV?

　　Very simple, collecting a small amount of blood or fingertip blood can be detected, there are still an HIV saliva test strips, no blood.

　　Where can detect HIV?

　　Top three hospitals, the CDC (Epidemic Prevention Station), MCH, skin anti-so and qualified medical institutions can do HIV testing. 2-5 days using the ELISA is generally the result may also be a week, depending on the local inspection department. Rapid method can be used the day to get the fastest results, there may need to wait several days, depending on the local inspection department. ELISA or rapid detection method using the same arrangement depends on the local inspection department.

　　AIDS test confidential?

　　Yes, the implementation of HIV testing as currently registered, but those who test HIV testing department of the information strictly confidential and will not be disclosed to third parties. I am positive there will notice, does not notify the family or work unit, and will not be any compulsory measures.

　　There is more privacy HIV testing method?

　　AIDS test strip Order Center (http://www.hiv-check.com) authority to provide HIV test strip, and a professional online self-test guidance, support anonymity order, confidential mail.

　　HIV testing is at what time?

　　Six weeks after detection of unsafe behavior can determine whether the infection.

　　HIV test positive mean death?

　　HIV testing into screening and diagnosis. If screening is positive, but also laboratory confirmed diagnosis of AIDS experiments, to prevent false positives. After a diagnosis of positive results to be diagnosed with AIDS. HIV does not mean death, AIDS is actually a chronic disease. Since AIDS was first discovered in 1981, since humans, diagnosis and treatment of AIDS has been increasing. AIDS treatment team leader, Shanghai, Shanghai (Fudan University), Professor of Public Health Clinical Center-Zhou Lu pointed out that the diagnosis and treatment of AIDS in the country's biggest problem is that early HIV infection could not be found; if the early start antiviral therapy , can prolong life in patients with more than 30 years.

　　 

　　

　　［ 作者：佚名    转贴自：本站原创    点击数：196    更新时间：2011-7-10    文章录入：nnb ］

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