阅读理解节备选题型
第一节 考纲要求分析与考试重点概述
该题型考查的是考生把握主旨大意，进行概括总结的能力。要求考生为文章中的若干段落选出最恰当的小标题。其实，就是要求考生选出最能概括段落主题或要点的标题。
第一段和最后一段不需要标注小标题。但小标题中有一个多余的干扰项。阅读的量大，阅读的难度也不低。但好处是文章是按逻辑排序的方式给定的，给我们理解全文带来了便利。
该节要求考生有把握文章主旨句和段落主题句的能力。对文章和段落有一定的概括能力。给出了小标题的选项，因此测试难度不大。但如果有一个选项错误会带来连串错误。
第二节 考纲样题分析与详解
我们以2006年大纲所附样题为例，概括地分析一下此类命题的特点及解题的思路，再对解题思路进行归纳总结。
大纲样题
Part B
Sample Four
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list ［A］~［F］ for each numbered paragraph(41~45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
［A］ What to do as a student?
［B］ Various definitions of plagiarism.
［C］ Ideas should always be sourced.
［D］ Ignorance can be forgiven.
［E］ Plagiarism is equivalent to theft.
［F］ The consequences of plagiarism.
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is“the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
41.
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42.
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self瞔ritical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43.
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44.
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation—note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,”the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45.
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
一、解题分析:
解题思路:
首先通读全文。除了要求考生具备较强的阅读理解能力以外，还要掌握段落主题句，段落大意与段落的关系。读完全文后再读各个小标题。
第一段给学术抄袭下一定义，引出什么是学术抄袭。接下来第二段说明了抄袭会受到的惩罚。第三段介绍学生应该如何避免抄袭。学生的抄袭又分为三种情况，偶然地，无知地和故意地。第三段又仔细说明了偶然抄袭的定义，表现形式和后果。第五段介绍了无知抄袭的定义和防范的措施。第五段介绍了有意抄袭的原因、性质和恶果。最后一段介绍与抄袭相对的鸣谢。
阅读全文，我们知道作者介绍了什么是抄袭，抄袭的后果及防范措施。
把握主旨大意，找出主题句，概括段落要点是题型的考点。在各个段落中找出主题句是至关重要的。主题句也就是段落的灵魂。别的句子都是为了主题句服务的。对主题句的概括提炼通常就形成小标题了。答案详解：
下面是对各题的详解，希望考生通过阅读题解体会一下具体的解题思路。
41.［F］
第一段给出了学术抄袭的各种定义。41题已是文章的第二段。第二段的第一句话就讲了在不同的情形下对抄袭的惩罚是不一样的，此句是该段的主题句。在大学里抄袭的后果，轻则不及格，重则开除。在学术界抄袭可能被处以罚款，甚至毁了抄袭者的一生。现在的版权保护和社会压力也促使大家更重视这一问题。在做该题时，不要忘了关键词penalties, punishment。在6个选项中只有［F］能概括该段的含义。［F］项的意思是抄袭的后果。
42.［A］
第三段的开头就讲了没有经验的学生应该怎样避免抄袭。学生的抄袭又分为三种。在小标题中跟学生有关的只有［A］。此项选择较容易。
43.［D］
此段接着上一段的最后一句，讲三种学生抄袭的一种——偶然抄袭。犯这种抄袭错误的人，通常忘了一些观点的出处，或者不能判断他的一些观点是不是尝试性的知识。这类抄袭不算是严重的，多加注意就可以避免。段落的最后一句话说明这种偶然抄袭是可以不受重罚的。换句话说，偶然抄袭是可以谅解的。这一段中oversight和小标题中的ignorance是同义词。Exempt from being severely punished 与can be forgiven同义。如果考生对oversight和exempt不熟悉，用排除法也能选出正确的选项。但在44段中有ignorance不仔细阅读也容易产生误导。建议考生兼顾阅读信息的准确性和阅读速度。
44.［C］
此段强调的是标注观点的出处和来源是很容易学会的，也是很重要的。即使用了一些不涉及版权的信息、观点或者表述，作者也要标明出处。特别是此段最后一句强调了无论在什么情况下都应该标注观点的出处。这段里的sources与［C］项中的be sourced是关键词。有了意义的确定，再加上关键词的帮助，选项一般也就不会错了。
45.［E］
该段论述的是有意抄袭的起因和性质。有意抄袭是一种严重的学术偷盗，段落中的thievery与［E］项中的theft是同源词。考生读懂该段的第一句和最后一句，此选项就不会有错。
干扰项分析：
选项［B］是干扰项。在开始略读全文的时候，不难发现第一段写的就是对抄袭的不同定义。在做完所有的选项后，把各段的小标题与各段再配合快速通读一遍，看一看主要信息是否有误。
二、命题特点和测试重点
1.该题型主要是测试在有限时间内考生对段落大意的概括总结的能力。关键是要读懂段落的意思，抓住段落的主要信息。
2.在读懂意思的前提下，在小标题中和段落里会出现一些同义词、同源词帮助考生做出选择。
3.段落的首句和尾句常常包含段落的主要信息。
第三节 应试策略总结
了解命题特点之后，还要学会有效的解题方法，以提高做题的命中率。以下就解题思路向考生提一些建议：
一、答题步骤
1.先利用3~5分钟通读全文。找出各段的中心词或主题句。再浏览一下各选项，尽量做到心中有数。
2.考试做题。详读段落确定主题句或主要信息。再在各选项中找出相同选项。若一时拿不准，可以每题选2~3个备选项。千万别在一题上费太多时间。
3.利用同义词、同源词、近义词、关键词、连接词等确定选项。
4.最后，把各小标题跟所属段落一起读一遍，确认意义无错。
二、解题方法和技巧
1.从段落意思上判断。在做题时最重要的是要读懂段落大意，抓住主要信息。主要是从段落的首句和尾句概括出段落大意。注意不要把一些细节当成主要信息。阐述细节时，占用的篇幅可能不少。但细节都是为主题服务的。在抓主要信息时，要抓住主题句或结论句。
2.在论述一个观点时，作者有时采用“总—分—总”的方法，有时也采用“分—分—总”的办法。考生要灵活地找出“总”来。
3.在阅读中，要对同义词、同源词、近义词、连接词等帮助建立小标题与段落内容联系的词保持敏感。对这些词前后的信息反复精读，这些地方往往是产生答案或排除干扰项的地方。
4.在做选项时，不能孤立地看待各个段落。要注意段落之间的联系和逻辑关系。各个小标题之间也有一些逻辑联系。在做选项时，要全面应用对英文文章的综合知识，帮助做出正确的选项。
第一节 考纲要求分析与考试重点概述
该题型考查的是考生把握主旨大意，进行概括总结的能力。要求考生为文章中的若干段落选出最恰当的小标题。其实，就是要求考生选出最能概括段落主题或要点的标题。
第一段和最后一段不需要标注小标题。但小标题中有一个多余的干扰项。阅读的量大，阅读的难度也不低。但好处是文章是按逻辑排序的方式给定的，给我们理解全文带来了便利。
该节要求考生有把握文章主旨句和段落主题句的能力。对文章和段落有一定的概括能力。给出了小标题的选项，因此测试难度不大。但如果有一个选项错误会带来连串错误。
第二节 考纲样题分析与详解
我们以2006年大纲所附样题为例，概括地分析一下此类命题的特点及解题的思路，再对解题思路进行归纳总结。
大纲样题
Part B
Sample Four
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list ［A］~［F］ for each numbered paragraph(41~45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
［A］ What to do as a student?
［B］ Various definitions of plagiarism.
［C］ Ideas should always be sourced.
［D］ Ignorance can be forgiven.
［E］ Plagiarism is equivalent to theft.
［F］ The consequences of plagiarism.
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is“the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
41.
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42.
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self瞔ritical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43.
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44.
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation—note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,”the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45.
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
一、解题分析:
解题思路:
首先通读全文。除了要求考生具备较强的阅读理解能力以外，还要掌握段落主题句，段落大意与段落的关系。读完全文后再读各个小标题。
第一段给学术抄袭下一定义，引出什么是学术抄袭。接下来第二段说明了抄袭会受到的惩罚。第三段介绍学生应该如何避免抄袭。学生的抄袭又分为三种情况，偶然地，无知地和故意地。第三段又仔细说明了偶然抄袭的定义，表现形式和后果。第五段介绍了无知抄袭的定义和防范的措施。第五段介绍了有意抄袭的原因、性质和恶果。最后一段介绍与抄袭相对的鸣谢。
阅读全文，我们知道作者介绍了什么是抄袭，抄袭的后果及防范措施。
把握主旨大意，找出主题句，概括段落要点是题型的考点。在各个段落中找出主题句是至关重要的。主题句也就是段落的灵魂。别的句子都是为了主题句服务的。对主题句的概括提炼通常就形成小标题了。答案详解：
下面是对各题的详解，希望考生通过阅读题解体会一下具体的解题思路。
41.［F］
第一段给出了学术抄袭的各种定义。41题已是文章的第二段。第二段的第一句话就讲了在不同的情形下对抄袭的惩罚是不一样的，此句是该段的主题句。在大学里抄袭的后果，轻则不及格，重则开除。在学术界抄袭可能被处以罚款，甚至毁了抄袭者的一生。现在的版权保护和社会压力也促使大家更重视这一问题。在做该题时，不要忘了关键词penalties, punishment。在6个选项中只有［F］能概括该段的含义。［F］项的意思是抄袭的后果。
42.［A］
第三段的开头就讲了没有经验的学生应该怎样避免抄袭。学生的抄袭又分为三种。在小标题中跟学生有关的只有［A］。此项选择较容易。
43.［D］
此段接着上一段的最后一句，讲三种学生抄袭的一种——偶然抄袭。犯这种抄袭错误的人，通常忘了一些观点的出处，或者不能判断他的一些观点是不是尝试性的知识。这类抄袭不算是严重的，多加注意就可以避免。段落的最后一句话说明这种偶然抄袭是可以不受重罚的。换句话说，偶然抄袭是可以谅解的。这一段中oversight和小标题中的ignorance是同义词。Exempt from being severely punished 与can be forgiven同义。如果考生对oversight和exempt不熟悉，用排除法也能选出正确的选项。但在44段中有ignorance不仔细阅读也容易产生误导。建议考生兼顾阅读信息的准确性和阅读速度。
44.［C］
此段强调的是标注观点的出处和来源是很容易学会的，也是很重要的。即使用了一些不涉及版权的信息、观点或者表述，作者也要标明出处。特别是此段最后一句强调了无论在什么情况下都应该标注观点的出处。这段里的sources与［C］项中的be sourced是关键词。有了意义的确定，再加上关键词的帮助，选项一般也就不会错了。
45.［E］
该段论述的是有意抄袭的起因和性质。有意抄袭是一种严重的学术偷盗，段落中的thievery与［E］项中的theft是同源词。考生读懂该段的第一句和最后一句，此选项就不会有错。
干扰项分析：
选项［B］是干扰项。在开始略读全文的时候，不难发现第一段写的就是对抄袭的不同定义。在做完所有的选项后，把各段的小标题与各段再配合快速通读一遍，看一看主要信息是否有误。
二、命题特点和测试重点
1.该题型主要是测试在有限时间内考生对段落大意的概括总结的能力。关键是要读懂段落的意思，抓住段落的主要信息。
2.在读懂意思的前提下，在小标题中和段落里会出现一些同义词、同源词帮助考生做出选择。
3.段落的首句和尾句常常包含段落的主要信息。
第三节 应试策略总结
了解命题特点之后，还要学会有效的解题方法，以提高做题的命中率。以下就解题思路向考生提一些建议：
一、答题步骤
1.先利用3~5分钟通读全文。找出各段的中心词或主题句。再浏览一下各选项，尽量做到心中有数。
2.考试做题。详读段落确定主题句或主要信息。再在各选项中找出相同选项。若一时拿不准，可以每题选2~3个备选项。千万别在一题上费太多时间。
3.利用同义词、同源词、近义词、关键词、连接词等确定选项。
4.最后，把各小标题跟所属段落一起读一遍，确认意义无错。
二、解题方法和技巧
1.从段落意思上判断。在做题时最重要的是要读懂段落大意，抓住主要信息。主要是从段落的首句和尾句概括出段落大意。注意不要把一些细节当成主要信息。阐述细节时，占用的篇幅可能不少。但细节都是为主题服务的。在抓主要信息时，要抓住主题句或结论句。
2.在论述一个观点时，作者有时采用“总—分—总”的方法，有时也采用“分—分—总”的办法。考生要灵活地找出“总”来。
3.在阅读中，要对同义词、同源词、近义词、连接词等帮助建立小标题与段落内容联系的词保持敏感。对这些词前后的信息反复精读，这些地方往往是产生答案或排除干扰项的地方。
4.在做选项时，不能孤立地看待各个段落。要注意段落之间的联系和逻辑关系。各个小标题之间也有一些逻辑联系。在做选项时，要全面应用对英文文章的综合知识，帮助做出正确的选项。
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