“我们把鸡尾酒疗法带到中国”
——艾滋病研究先驱何大一接受本报记者专访
| 发布者：amanda 时间：2010-10-05 08:06:32 来源：解放牛网 解放日报 |
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何大一，艾滋病鸡尾酒疗法（即通过联合使用三种或三种以上的抗病毒药物来治疗艾滋病）发明者。该疗法自1996年投入使用以来，有效降低了全球艾滋病的死亡率。
本报驻美记者 宰飞
在纽约曼哈顿他的办公室里，记者第一次见到了因发明艾滋病鸡尾酒疗法而举世闻名的科学家何大一。
采访何大一之前，记者曾看过几年前关于他的一部纪录片。当他出现在面前时，睿智、儒雅、整洁，一如在纪录片上所见，只是较几年前，何大一两鬓已有些许斑白，面容多少有些憔悴。毕竟已是一位57岁的长者，而且是一位每天工作十多个小时的科学家。
“年度风云人物”
话题自然围绕他的艾滋病研究，起点依然是15年前鸡尾酒疗法的成功问世。何大一是世界上最早认识到艾滋病是由病毒引起的科学家之一，也是首先阐明艾滋病病毒因复制而呈现多样性的科学家之一。正是基于这种理解，使得何大一和他的同事们致力于研究联合抗病毒疗法，即鸡尾酒疗法。这种疗法将蛋白酶抑制剂药物和核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂及非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂药物组合使用，能更有效地治疗艾滋病。1996年在发达国家使用后有效降低了艾滋病人死亡率。
1996年美国《时代》杂志评选其为“年度风云人物”。何大一说：“尽管此前我的工作已为业界所知，但是《时代》、《华尔街日报》等主流媒体的赞誉将我推上了另一个平台，更多公众得以接触到艾滋病防治的知识。”
接踵而来的是各种荣誉。2001年，美国总统克林顿授予他“总统公民奖章”，他还获得了包括哥伦比亚大学、清华大学在内的全球10所大学的荣誉博士学位。
“战争还没结束”
与荣誉如影随形的还有压力与质疑。何大一坦言，当各种荣誉将他推向前台，也同时将他置于压力舱中。由于鸡尾酒疗法的发明，很多人以为艾滋病从此即被攻克，“但事实上，艾滋病感染人数还在不断增加，特别是在发展中国家，”何大一说，过高的期待给了他无穷的压力，“我们只是赢得了一场战斗，战争还没有结束。”
获得殊荣后的几年，何大一担任主任的艾伦·戴蒙德艾滋病研究中心却遭受了一系列的挫折，开始陷入科学低潮，缺少研究方向，完全不是当初因鸡尾酒疗法而赢得科学桂冠时的样子。这些挑战让一些人对艾伦·戴蒙德艾滋病研究中心的前途感到担忧：在这场对抗艾滋病的持久战中，中心和它的金牌带头人究竟是已经接近新的重大突破了，还是依然徘徊不前？
为了彻底攻克艾滋病，何大一必须研制出一种艾滋病疫苗，而这正是一段时间以来他工作的中心。何大一说：“研制疫苗的工作异常艰巨，给了我们从未有过的挑战，我们需要等待科学突破，这种突破可能就在明天，也有可能是在多年之后。”
何大一说，上述传统疫苗研究是寄希望于人体自身抗体识别和歼灭艾滋病病毒。与此同时，他的团队还在探索一条新路：从外部为机体装配上一套现成的抗体武器，这在免疫上是等同的。
这是一个大胆的想法，在艾滋病领域还没有人这样干过，但何大一凭借自己在艾伦·戴蒙德艾滋病研究中心20年的研究经验，调动了自己实验室大半的研究力量投入这项工作，目前的结果重新点燃了他战斗的热情，他又回到实验室监督实验进程。
一个有意义的循环
作为一名科学家，何大一的活动空间不仅仅局限于实验室。他把艾滋病研究与防治工作扩展到了世界各地，特别是中国。
何大一说，鸡尾酒疗法发明以后，很多科学家将它带到了非洲、泰国等艾滋病疫情严重的地区，“我也去过非洲，但我的背景更自然地把我引向了中国。”1952年11月生于台湾省台中市，12岁随家人移居美国，在何大一看来，从中国走出来，又回到中国去，这是一个非常有意义的循环。“2002年，我们把鸡尾酒疗法带到了中国。最近5年，我们在中国的工作重点是阻隔艾滋病的母婴传播。”
此前，艾滋病病毒呈阳性的母亲向婴儿传播艾滋病的几率达35%，何大一的“中国艾滋病防治行动”开始以后，几率降低至1%以下。
何大一还牵线搭桥，积极与美国盖茨·美琳达基金会联系，请他们赞助篮球明星姚明、约翰逊拍摄艾滋病公益广告，该片2004年底在中国的电视台播出。“片中提倡消除对艾滋病人的歧视，起到了非常好的作用。”何大一深感欣慰。
在何大一的艾伦·戴蒙德艾滋病研究中心，有近三分之一的研究人员来自亚洲，特别是中国与印度。从这个研究中心走出去的科学家把关于艾滋病防治的最新成果带到了包括中国的世界各地。何大一说：“我很欣喜地看到，中国疾病预防控制中心、清华大学、香港大学等地艾滋病研究机构的负责人都是我的学生。”
祖籍江西新余的何大一在1978年首次随父亲回到故乡，“那时候的中国非常落后，我们还去了上海和北京，即使在这些地方，也没有像样的建筑。”
“一度强盛的中国自清朝后期开始衰落，每当想到这个都让我觉得难受，”何大一说，“但改革开放以后，中国每天都在迅速发展，即使是现在，每次回中国都还能感觉到变化。这真是非同寻常。”他说，中国的强大增强了美国华人荣誉感与自信心。
作为美国华人精英组织“百人会”成员，何大一多次率团访问中国，过去几年，他每年都要来中国6到9次，为促进中美关系发展做了许多努力。他说：“令人满意的是，中美关系在改善，因为两国有着共同的利益。”
（本专访系列得益美国“百人会”鼎力协助）
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- AIDS research pioneer David Ho reporter's interview
Posted by: amanda :2010-10-05 08:06:32 Source: Liberation Liberation Daily Cattle Network
David Ho, AIDS cocktail therapy (ie, by combining three or more antiviral drugs to treat AIDS) inventor. The therapy has been in use since 1996, effectively reducing the global AIDS mortality.
Newspaper reporter Jae-flying United States for
In his office in Manhattan, New York, the reporter saw the invention of the first cocktail of the world-renowned AIDS scientist David Ho.
Ho interview before the reporter has seen a few years ago a documentary about him. When he appeared in front of, wisdom, elegance, and clean, as seen in the documentary on only a few years ago, Ho has been a little gray temples, somewhat haggard face. After all, is a 57-year-old elderly, but also a day of ten hours of the scientists.
"Person of the Year"
Natural topic of AIDS around his study, the starting point 15 years ago still come out successful HAART. Ho is the world's first to recognize that AIDS is caused by a virus, one of the scientists, was the first clear presentation of HIV replication due to the diversity of one of the scientists. It is with this understanding, so David Ho and his colleagues working on the joint anti-viral therapy, or HAART. The protease inhibitor drugs and therapies to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug used in combination with more effective treatment of AIDS. After use in developed countries in 1996 effectively reduced the AIDS mortality.
1996 "Time" magazine as "Person of the Year." Ho said: "Although my work has been previously known to the industry, but" Time "," The Wall Street Journal "and other mainstream media would praise me up the other platform to be exposed to more public knowledge of AIDS . "
What follows are a variety of honors. In 2001, President Clinton awarded him the "president Citizens Medal", he also won, including Columbia University, Tsinghua University, the world, including honorary doctorates from 10 universities.
"War is not over"
And honor go hand in hand along with the pressure and doubt. Ho admitted that, when push the front of his many honors, and also put pressure on his cabin. Since the invention of HAART, many people think that AIDS from Jibei overcome, "but in fact, number of HIV infections is still increasing, especially in developing countries," said David Ho, the high expectations gave him endless pressure, "we just won a battle, the war is not over yet."
Award-winning years after, as David Ho Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center director has suffered a series of setbacks, low tide began to fall into science, the lack of research direction, due to the cocktail did not completely win the title like when science . These challenges make some people Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center are worried about the future: in this protracted war against AIDS, the center and its leaders in what is already close to the gold medal in a major new breakthrough, or remain stagnant ?
In order to completely overcome AIDS, David Ho to develop a HIV vaccine, which is a period of time the center of his work. Ho said: "The vaccine work is extremely difficult, given the challenges we never had, we need to wait for scientific breakthroughs, such a breakthrough may be in tomorrow, is also possible that after so many years."
Ho said that vaccine research is the hope on the traditional body's own antibodies to identify and destroy HIV. At the same time, his team is also exploring a new way: from the outside to the body assembly of weapons on the set of ready-made antibodies, which are equivalent immunological.
This is a bold idea, no one in the field of AIDS this done, but with David Ho Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in its 20 years of research experience, mobilizing more than half of his laboratory into the work force , the present results re-ignited his passion for fighting, he was back in the lab monitor progress of the experiment.
A meaningful cycle
As a scientist, David Ho's lab space is not limited. His research and prevention of AIDS spread to the world, particularly China.
Ho said the cocktail was invented, many scientists take it to Africa, Thailand, the AIDS epidemic-hit areas, "I've been to Africa, but my background is more naturally led me to the Chinese." 1952 Born in Taichung, Taiwan in November, 12-year-old with his family emigrated to the United States, Ho seems to come out from China, went back to China, this is a very interesting cycle. "In 2002, we have the cocktail to China. The last 5 years, we focus in China barrier to child transmission of HIV."
Previously, HIV-positive mother to child transmission rate of 35% of AIDS a few, Ho, "China AIDS Initiative" began, the probability reduced to 1%.
Ho also matchmaking, positive and Melinda Gates Foundation, contact the United States, asking them to sponsor basketball star Yao Ming, Johnson shot of AIDS public service announcements, the end of 2004 the film broadcast in China. "The film to promote the elimination of discrimination against people with AIDS, played a very good role." Ho was deeply gratified.
David Ho of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research at the center, nearly a third of researchers from Asia, particularly China and India. From this research center scientists to go out on the latest achievements in AIDS prevention to the world, including China. Ho said: "I am delighted to see that the China Disease Prevention and Control Center, Tsinghua University, University of Hong Kong and other places the person in charge of AIDS research are my students."
Native of the Ho Xinyu the first time in 1978 with his father back home, "then very backward in China, we also went to Shanghai and Beijing, even in these places, there is no decent buildings."
"China was strong since the late Qing Dynasty began to decline, whenever I think of this all made me feel uncomfortable," Ho said, "but the reform and opening up, the rapid development of China every day, even now, every time back to China are also can feel the change. This is really unusual. "He said that China's strong sense of honor and enhance the Chinese-American self-confidence.
Chinese elite organizations as the United States, "Hundred," members, Ho led a delegation to visit China several times over the past few years, he came to China every year, 6 to 9 times, to promote the development of Sino-US relations have made many efforts. He said: "It is gratifying that the improvement of Sino-US relations, because the two countries have common interests."
(This interview series benefit the United States "Hundred Club" for their assistance)
This part: International Study: Flying slaughter
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