美国收紧对非抗艾援助 乌干达艾滋病加速蔓延
2010-02-04 09:45:45 来源: 网易探索(广州)
据《华尔街日报》报道,乌干达抗击艾滋病的战争正在面临着困惑,面对全球金融危机,美国收紧了抗艾援助,而且抗病毒药品的免费发放助长了艾滋病的蔓延,乌干达抗艾医院已经是人满为患,昔日“非洲抗艾明星”风光不在,乌干达的抗艾形势严峻。

由于名额已满,20岁的米西玛·阿加莎遭到医院的拒绝接收,怀中小孩九个月,因感染而死亡。

世界卫生组织呼吁穷国的艾滋病患者进行早期治疗,符合进行治疗的人数已经增长到1400万人。

乌干达每年艾滋病感染者新增人数为13.5万人
网易探索2月4日报道 据《华尔街日报》报道,由于全球金融危机的影响,美国收紧了抗艾援助,而一些抗病毒药品的免费发放助长了艾滋病的蔓延;目前的情况非常严峻,乌干达抗艾医院已是人满为患,昔日“非洲抗艾明星”风光不在,乌干达的抗艾形势.
美国收紧援助,抗艾医院人满为患
一个月前,20岁的米西玛·阿加莎带着两个孩子,来到乌干达联合临床研究中心(JCRC)所,当时的她已经是身体虚弱,咳嗽不断,她的丈夫已经感染了艾滋病毒,后来她得知自己也是艾滋病毒感染者。她来到该中心的目的就是希望能够被接收,以拯救自己和她的两个孩子。因为她还在哺乳期,如果她没有尽快得到维持生命用的抗艾药品的话,就会很容易地将病毒传染给她的婴儿。但这家中心的工作人员不得不告诉她坏消息。虽然她的丈夫已经在其它地方接受到了所谓的艾滋病药物鸡尾酒疗法的治疗,但是她不会有机会了,因为他们的诊所已经用完了与美国政府签署的合同中的名额,阿加莎带着一个初学走路的孩子以及一个婴儿,趴在医院的病床上,几乎不能移动,她说:“我感到万分绝望。”
七年前,美国在发展中国家中推出了广受欢迎的抗艾计划,目前这场战争达到了关键的转折点。美国承诺提供的援助资金(占世界抗艾援助资金的一半)已经开始明显下降,而世界上需要治疗的艾滋病人数正在猛增。最近全球的抗艾战争也出现了一些倒退。比如在东部非洲国家乌干达,这个昔日非洲国家中璀璨的“抗艾明星”,艾滋病毒的人口感染人数在长期下降后,如今又开始快速上升。本来要应付数十万名已经患有这种疾病的人已经让乌干达医疗卫生体系疲于拼命,现在不断增加的病人更是令其雪上加霜。乌干达的抗艾形势如此严峻,这只是非洲国家的一个缩影,我们可以预知整个非洲的形势同样是不容乐观。乌干达首都坎帕拉的马克里尔大学(Makerere University)公共卫生学院教授大卫·苏瓦达(David Serwadda)说:“我以前担心的是如何更好地治疗这种疾病,现在担心的是如何才不会在这场危险的战争中落败。据悉,苏瓦达是研究艾滋病起源领域的先锋人物。
当务之急是给病人提供足够的救生药物。布什政府时期提出了雄心勃勃的“艾滋病紧急救援计划”(PEPFAR),该计划旨在为数以百万计生活在世界上一些最极端的条件的艾滋病相关患者提供预防援助和药物治疗。截止去年年底这一计划已经使240万艾滋病感染者或病人受益。到2013年,奥巴马政府计划将国际艾滋病治疗的人数扩大到至少400万,但是奥巴马签署的2010财年PEPFAR资金却几乎与往年执平,没有增加。批评者认为,PEPFAR资金支出步伐的减缓,意味着美国政府并不打算全额使用2003年美国国会批准的到2013年前支付480亿美元用于艾滋病等疾病的资金。美国人谢泼德·史密斯(Shepherd Smith)是一位长期在非洲从事艾滋病活动的热心人士,他说:除非许诺的拨款能够很快兑现,要不然在一年左右我们绝对将看到一场灾害,由于我们无法继续实行我们已经进行的人道承诺。这对美国人来说也将是巨大的损害。”埃里克·格罗斯比(Eric Goosby)是奥巴马总统艾滋病政策方面的掌权人,面对质疑,他解释说,尽管受到全球经济下滑影响,奥巴马总统仍将致力于艾滋病斗争,美国并不打算拒绝任何需要治疗的人,我们的承诺并没有动摇。”
然而挑战是巨大的。目前全世界有3340万人感染了艾滋病毒,根据世界卫生组织的指导方针,符合进行治疗的人数已经增长到1400万人。全球每年新增270万的艾滋病感染者,那些没有“先走一步”的病人最终将需要服用抗逆转录病毒药物,这是一种药物混合物,帮助身体抑制艾滋病毒的复制,而且必需每天使用才能维持生存。该疗法并不能治愈艾滋病,但允许艾滋病病毒感染者过上正常生活,需要这些药物的病人正在不断增加。
抗病毒药品加剧艾滋病的蔓延
一个具有讽刺意味的是,这些拯救生命的药物使预防措施更难以实现。这一点在乌干达尤为明显,要知道,乌干达曾经是防止艾滋病毒蔓延的领导者。在20世纪80年代,早在外国援助团体抵达乌干达之前,总统约韦里·穆塞韦尼(Yoweri Museveni)就已经认识到了这种疾病的严重性(艾滋病以“干柴棒”般的虚弱出名),他执行了个人的使命,动员全国进行抗艾战争。当时还没有治疗艾滋病的方法,在最高峰时,乌干达每五位成年人中就有一位是艾滋病感染者。
政府通过收音机发出了这样简单的信息进行宣布:艾滋病能让人死亡。 1988年,乌干达著名歌手菲利·鲁塔亚(Philly Lutaaya)公开承认自己得了艾滋病,在他最后的日子里,他拖着瘦弱的身子到乌干达各地进行艾滋病危害的宣传,以提高国人对艾滋病的认识。乌干达政府的宣传做法具有本土化,而且简单易记,简称为“ABC”(即英文词组“节欲”“保持忠诚”以及“避孕套”的第一个字母的组合),即要求青年人禁止婚前性行为,婚后要忠实于自己的配偶以及正确使用安全套。这种预防艾滋病的方法曾经被乌干达人称为“有效的艾滋病疫苗”。乌干达总统穆塞韦尼反复强调要有良好的道德观,改变陋习。在这场抗击艾滋病的国家战略中强调改变个人特别是青年人行为,也就是提倡健康的生活方式、洁身自好和保持高尚的道德情操。“ABC”做法效果明显,乌干达成人艾滋病病毒感染率一度降到6%,低于其他非洲国家。乌干达成功抗击艾滋病的经验得到了国际社会的肯定,被誉为“非洲抗击艾滋病的明星”, 它的做法在非洲许多其它国家得到了推广和应用。
乌干达人承认, 随着时间的推移,他们放松了对艾滋病的警惕。有些人表示,穆塞韦尼总统在完成一个任命(艾滋病)后当然要转向其它迫切需要解决的使命上,这是很自然的。也有人说,华盛顿的态度在其中发挥了作用,美国国会议员对日益增长的艾滋病预算经费争吵不休,在具体的开支上意见不一致,就连在乌干达的非政府组织也表示他们对此已经感到习以为常。
2005年是艾滋病预防观念开始瓦解的一年,当时,大量的救命药品如突发洪水般涌入,乌干达人对艾滋病的恐惧也开始消退,对这种疾病造成的创伤变得模糊,人们又开始渐渐增加性伴侣的人数。哈佛大学资助的艾滋病防治研究项目研究员菲比·卡朱比(Phoebe Kajubi)在坎帕拉的一个贫穷地区进行调查后表示:“现在的妇女关心更多的是怀孕,而不是艾滋病。”约瑟夫·卢贝加是一个30岁的电气工程师出身的艾滋病活动家,在他小办公室存放了大量免费发放的避孕套的,但是却一直没有人去认领。他说:“人们相信,一旦他们获得抗逆转录病毒药物后,就可以治愈艾滋病毒,因此人们不再像过去那样喜欢使用避孕套了。”这样的结果是:新的感染人数又开始飙升,每年新增人数大约为13.5万人,感染率已经接近7%。乌干达艾滋病委员会总干事表示:“事实上,我们把重点放在了治疗和护理上,而不是预防。”
乌干达的抗艾形势严峻
不断上升的感染率给联合临床研究中心增加了沉重的负担。JCRC在乌干达国内是一家卓越的研究和医疗机构,作为美“艾滋病紧急救援计划”项目资金的早期资助接受者,它一直在积极接收病人,现在的人数已经增加到3.2万人,在布什政府时期,该中心的病人人数早已已经达到签署合同中的限制量,中心不得不在场地上立起了帐篷以接受不断涌入的病人,由于现在平均每天有300多人需要接受,因此他们不得不对新人采取拒绝的方式。该中心临床经理菲奥纳·卡林达(Fiona Kalinda)表示:“这里面临的困境是,我们给病人作出过承诺,只要他们有资格接受艾滋病毒治疗,我们就会接收他们,而现在我们不得不告诉他们要到别的地方去。”
对于上个月遭到联合临床研究中心拒绝的阿加莎,没有其它诊所将会接收她,情况也因此很快变得恶化。联合临床研究中心的创立人彼得·莫缘依(Peter Mugyenyi)表示,他最近了解到,阿加莎18个月大的第一胎小孩虽然得到了克林顿基金会资助的药物治疗,还是在1月7日死于艾滋病。尽管受到美国方面不要再增加新的病人指示,莫缘依还是决定给阿加莎发放药物,防止她剩下那个2个月大的孩子因母乳哺养而感染艾滋病毒。他说:“挽救孩子最省钱的办法是对母亲进行治疗。在这个过程中母亲的生命将同时得到延续,如果我没有这样做,我的良心将受到指责。”与此同时,他正到其它医院四处奔走,以便为82位没有得到接收的妇女寻找接收点。更重要的是,这家诊所的医生发现一种令人不安的情况,有些已经获得药物治疗的病人,竟然跟其伙伴分享药品,这些伙伴都是遭到拒绝接收的病人。医生担心在这种情况下,每个病人得到药品会太少,这可能会增加艾滋病病毒的耐药性,引起可怕的后果。
乌干达另一家大型的提供治疗服务的“天主教救济服务中心”表示,他们在一年之前就已经停止接收新病人。乌干达议员杰克诺曼(Jack Norman)称,新病人得不到药物治疗将会加剧艾滋病的蔓延。因为,服用抗逆转录病毒药物的人将具有更少的传染性。 “没有药物意味着没有希望,而如果人们没有得到测试,不知道自己得病,就会感染给其他人,这是一个危险的循环。”
从理论上来说,在美国主导的训练项目下,会有越来越多的医生和护士将得到培训,乌干达政府将最终会接管艾滋病的治疗。但是,这一天看起来是那么的遥远。去年,美国给乌干达提供了2.85亿美元用于艾滋病预防和治疗,大约是美国预算经费的70%。在乌干达许多地区,贫困是抗艾最大的敌人。在极端贫困的东北部阿穆里亚地区,一名卫生官员需要跋涉两个小时才能达到那里的一个村庄,这里经常发生战争,偷窃盛行,现在又遇上干旱。在村子的难民营里,艾滋病病毒正像野火一样蔓延。这个村子现在有约350名目前正在接受艾滋病治疗的人,但这名官员认为,如果不是离这里附近的城镇的那台唯艾滋病检测机器经常出现故障的,需要治疗的人数可能多达600人。在最近的一个村庄聚会上,艾滋病毒感染者道出了他们的需要。有人说他的需要很简单:就是需要一点粥,以便能够跟药物一起服用,因为“空着肚子吃药太难受”。
(本文来源:网易探索 )
The United States to tighten the non-anti-Ai assistance to accelerate the spread of AIDS in Uganda
2010-02-04 09:45:45 Source: Netease Exploration (Guangzhou)
According to "The Wall Street Journal" reported that the war against AIDS in Uganda are facing a confused face of the global financial crisis, the U.S. tightened its anti-Ai assistance, and anti-viral drugs for free distribution contributed to the spread of AIDS, Uganda, the anti-Ai Hospital is in overcrowding, the former "Star of Africa anti-Ai," beauty is not in Uganda's anti-Ai grim.
As the quota is full, 20-year-old Missy Mae Agatha was the hospital has refused to accept the arms of a child for nine months because of infection and death.
WHO calls for poor AIDS patients for early treatment, in line with the number of treatment has grown to 14 million people.
Uganda, the number of people living with HIV each year is 13.5 million people
NetEase reported that explore the February 4, according to "The Wall Street Journal" reported that due to the global financial crisis, the United States tightened its anti-Ai assistance, and some anti-viral drugs for free distribution contributed to the spread of AIDS; the current situation is very grim, Uganda Anti-Ai Hospital is overcrowded and old "African Anti-Ai Star" is not scenery, Uganda's anti-Ai grim. [Click to view high-definition Atlas, "Uganda's anti-war confusion Ai"]
The United States to tighten the aid, anti-Ai Hospital overcrowding
A month ago, 20-year-old Missy Mae Agatha with two children, arrived in Uganda's Joint Clinical Research Center (JCRC) which, when she is frail, coughing constantly, her husband had been infected with the HIV the virus, and later she learned that he was also infected with HIV. She came to the center's aim is to be able to be received, in order to save herself and her two children. Because she was still breast-feeding period, if she does not as soon as possible life-sustaining products used in established classes, it would easily transmit the virus to her baby. But family center staff had to tell her the bad news. Although her husband had been in other places receive a so-called AIDS drug cocktail therapy, but she will not have the opportunity, because they have run out of the clinic to sign a contract with the U.S. government in places, Agatha with a toddlers and a baby, lying in a hospital bed, almost unable to move, she said: "I am extremely desperate."
Seven years ago, the United States in developing countries, launched a popular anti-AI scheme, and currently the war reached a critical turning point. The United States committed to providing assistance in funding (of the world's half the aid of anti-Ai) has begun to significantly decreased, and the world in need of treatment for AIDS is on the jump. Ai recent global anti-war, there have been some regression. For example, in the East African countries of Uganda, the former African countries dazzling "anti-Ai Star" of the population infected with HIV-the number of long-term decline, and today began to increase rapidly. Would have to deal with tens of thousands of people have been suffering from this disease has given Uganda's health system struggling desperately, and now the ever-increasing patient is make matters worse. Uganda's anti-Ai situation is so serious, this is only a microcosm of the African countries, we can predict the situation in Africa as a whole is also not optimistic. Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (Makerere University) School of Public Health, Professor David Su Wada (David Serwadda), said: "I used to worry about is how to better treat the disease, is now worried about is how to it will not be lost in this dangerous war. It is reported that Su Wada is a pioneer in the field study of the origin of AIDS figures.
Priority is to provide patients with adequate life-saving drugs. The Bush administration put forward an ambitious "AIDS Emergency Relief Plan" (PEPFAR), which aims to millions living in the world, some of the most extreme conditions in patients with AIDS-related assistance and the provision of preventive drug treatment. As of late last year, this program has enabled 2.4 million people living with HIV or patients to benefit. By 2013, the Obama administration plans to increase the number of international AIDS treatment to at least 4 million, but Obama signed PEPFAR funding in fiscal year 2010 is almost flat with the previous years, enforcement, not increased. Critics argue that, PEPFAR slow the pace of capital expenditures, meaning that the U.S. government did not intend to fully use the 2003 approved by the U.S. Congress in 2013, before the payment of 48 billion U.S. dollars of funds for AIDS and other diseases. Americans Shepard Smith (Shepherd Smith) is a long time in Africa, enthusiastic person involved in AIDS activities, he said: Unless the promised funding will soon be honored, or else in a year or so we definitely will see a disaster , because we can not continue to implement the humanitarian commitments we have undertaken. That Americans will also be a huge damage. "Eric Goosby (Eric Goosby) is the Barack Obama Presidential AIDS policy in power who, in the face of questioning, he explained that, despite the global economic downturn, Obama remains committed to combating the AIDS epidemic, The United States did not intend to reject any person in need of treatment, our commitment has not wavered. "
However, the challenges are enormous. There are now 33.4 million people are infected with HIV, according to WHO guidelines, in line with the number of treatment has grown to 14 million people. The global annual increase of 2.7 million HIV infected people, those who do not "go first step" of patients will eventually need to take anti-retroviral drugs, which is a mixture of drugs, to help the body inhibit the replication of HIV, but also necessary to use every day in order to survive. The treatment does not cure AIDS, but HIV-infected persons allowed to lead a normal life, patients who need these drugs is increasing.
Anti-viral drugs exacerbate the spread of AIDS
1 Ironically, these life-saving drugs to make preventive measures more difficult to achieve. This is particularly evident in Uganda, you know, Uganda is to prevent the spread of HIV has been the leader. 80 years in the 20th century, as early as foreign aid groups have arrived in Uganda, President Yoweri Museveni (Yoweri Museveni) had already recognized the seriousness of this disease (AIDS as "Dry wood stick" like a well-known weakness ), he pursued a personal mission to mobilize a nationwide war against Ai. At that time, there is no cure for AIDS, at the peak, Uganda had one in every five adults is HIV infected.
Government, through the radio sent the information in such a simple announcement: AIDS is good for the deaths. In 1988, the Ugandan singer Fei Lilu Taya (Philly Lutaaya) openly admit that they got AIDS, and in his last days, he dragged the body to Uganda thin around the dangers of AIDS to promote awareness on AIDS people knowledge. Promotional practices of the Government of Uganda has a localized, but also simple and easy to remember, referred to as "ABC" (the English phrase "abstinence," "remain loyal" and "condoms" in the first letter of the combination), which called for young people to prohibit pre-marital sex marriage to remain faithful to their spouses, as well as the correct use of condoms. This method of AIDS prevention in Uganda who used to be called "an effective AIDS vaccine." Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni has repeatedly stressed the need for sound moral values, change bad habits. In this national strategy in the fight against AIDS, especially young people, placed emphasis on changing individual behavior, that is, promoting a healthy lifestyle, keeping oneself clean and maintain the lofty moral sentiments. "ABC" approach evident result, Uganda, once reduced adult HIV infection rate by 6% below that of other African countries. Uganda's successful fight against AIDS, the experience of recognition by the international community, known as "the star fight against AIDS in Africa", which the practice of many other countries in Africa, has been the promotion and application.
Uganda acknowledges that, as time goes on, they relaxed vigilance against AIDS. Some people said that the completion of an appointment of President Museveni (AIDS) must of course be turned to other urgent need to address the mission, this is very natural. It was also said that Washington's attitude played a role in which the U.S. Congress on AIDS in the growing row over the budget, the expenditure on the specific disagreements, and even non-governmental organizations in Uganda have also said they are accustomed to this already .
The year 2005 is the concept of AIDS prevention began to break down the year, when a large number of life-saving drugs, such as sudden floods like the influx of Ugandans fear of AIDS began to fade, the trauma caused by this disease become blurred, people began to gradually increase the number of sexual partners. Harvard University research project funded AIDS researcher Phoebe Kajubi (Phoebe Kajubi) in Kampala, a poverty-stricken areas to investigate, said: "Today's women's concerns are more of a pregnancy, rather than AIDS." Joseph Lubega is a 30-year-old electrical engineer-turned AIDS activist, in his small office kept a large number of condoms distributed free of charge, but no one has been claimed. He said: "It is believed that once they receive anti-retroviral drugs, you can cure HIV, so people no longer like to use condoms as in the past had." The result is: the number of new infections began to soar, the number of people each year about 13.5 million people, infection rates have been close to 7%. Director-General of Uganda AIDS Commission, said: "In fact, we have focused on the treatment and care, rather than prevention."
Uganda's anti-Ai situation is grim
The rising rate of infection to the Joint Clinical Research Center, added a heavy burden. JCRC in Uganda is an excellent domestic research and medical institutions, as the United States "AIDS Emergency Relief Plan," the early funding recipients of project funds, it has been actively receiving patients, is now the number has increased to 32000 people in the Bush administration , the center has reached the number of patients have already signed the contract limits the amount of, the center of the tent erected on the ground had to be present to receive the influx of patients, due to a daily average of more than 300 people are now in need, so they had to couples to refuse to approach. The clinical manager Feiaonaka Linda (Fiona Kalinda), said: "This plight is that we have made commitments to patients, as long as they are eligible to receive HIV treatment, we will receive them, and now we must not do not tell them to go somewhere else. "
For the last month, has been rejected by the Joint Clinical Research Center, Agatha, no other clinics will receive her, and therefore the situation quickly became worse. Joint Clinical Research Center in accordance with geo-founder of Bi Demo (Peter Mugyenyi), said he recently learned that Agatha 18 months of the first child, a child was given a Clinton Foundation-funded drug treatment, or in January 7, died of AIDS. Despite the U.S. not to add a new patient instructions, Mo edge in accordance with, or decided to give Agatha release drugs that prevent her from remaining 2 months-old baby by breast-feeding and HIV infection. He said: "to save the children of the most economical approach is to treat the mother. In this process, the mother's life will also be extended, if I did not do so, my conscience will be blamed." In the meantime, he is to the other hospitals everywhere in order to 82 have not been received by women seeking to receive points. More importantly, this clinic's doctors discovered a disturbing situation, and some patients who have received drug treatment, even with its partners to share drugs, these partners are being rejected by patients. Doctors worry that in this case, each patient will get too little medicine, which may increase HIV drug resistance, causing dire consequences.
Uganda, another large-scale provision of treatment services, "Catholic Relief Services Center," said they had been a year ago to stop receiving new patients. Uganda, Mr Jiekenuoman (Jack Norman), said new patients are not drug treatment will aggravate the spread of AIDS. Because, taking anti-retroviral drugs will have fewer infectious. "No drugs means that there is no hope, and if people do not get tested, do not know get sick, they infect other people, this is a dangerous cycle."
Theoretically speaking, in the United States-led training under the project, there will be more and more doctors and nurses will be trained to eventually take over the Government of Uganda AIDS treatment. However, this day seemed so far away. Last year, the United States to provide 285 million U.S. dollars in Uganda for AIDS prevention and treatment, about 70% of the U.S. budget. In Uganda, many regions, poverty is the greatest enemy of anti-Ai. In the northeastern amuria extreme poverty areas, a health official need for a two-hour trek to reach there, a village, where frequent outbreak of war, rampant theft, and now we are faced with drought. In the village of refugee camps, like the spread of HIV just as wildfire. The village is about 350 are currently receiving HIV treatment, but the official view that, if not from here near the town of that Taiwan only HIV testing machine often fails, and the number of people in need of treatment may be as many as 600 people. In a recent gathering in a village, people living with HIV what was in their needs. Some say he needs is simple: take a little porridge to be able to take along with the drugs, because "take medicine on an empty stomach is too uncomfortable."
(This article Source: Netease Exploration)
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