宋圭武观点49：  语言哲学注定无解

学术界通常认为，近现代哲学曾发生了两次重大的转向，一次是由早期的本体论研究转向认识论研究，另一次则是由认识论转向语言哲学。前一次转向的关键人物是康德，而后一次转向则发生于20世纪20年代，其核心人物便是维特根斯坦。维特根斯坦认为，哲学就是语言分析，哲学史上的争论大多是由于误用了语言所致。哲学的任务在于澄清语言的意义。

本人认为，语言哲学注定无解，下面谈谈理由。

第一，世界有多少人，就有多少种不同的语言。因为一个人有一个人的认知世界，不同的人对同一个客观世界必然有不同的认知。世界上认知完全相同的两个人是没有的，除非两个人从出生到死亡，所有的运动轨迹都完全重叠，但这是不可能的。认知不同，必然不同的人，用同一个词表达同一个客观现象，不同的人必然会有不同的理解，对同一个词必然会赋予不同的涵义。也即，世界有多少个不同的人，一个词必然会有多少种不同的涵义。如此，世界有多少人，必然会有多少种语言。

第二，语言本身是无法用自身说清自身的。

第三，语言哲学最终会陷入循环论证的逻辑泥潭。维特根斯坦说，想象一种语言就是想象一种生活方式。这实际意味语言哲学又回到了生活本身。也即，语言哲学，本意要从生活中的语言开始解构哲学，并最终解构生活，但最终又回归到生活本身，回归到用生活解构语言和语言哲学本身，这实际是一个逻辑循环。从论证层面看，这就是一个循环论证。面对循环论证的逻辑泥潭，维特根斯坦在生命的最后，也只能放弃对语言哲学系统化的努力。他说，“我本愿奉献一本好书，结果不曾如愿，可是能由我来改善它的时辰已经逝去。”实际上，任何人都不可能完成这个“奉献一本好书”的任务。

所以，可以得到的结论是：立足从语言上解构哲学和探索哲学的出路，注定是无解的。语言哲学注定无解。

但语言哲学的创新之处是，为哲学提供了一个新的发展空间。哲学的本义就是探索和思考，语言哲学的真正价值也在这一点。

好，谢谢，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's View 49: Language Philosophy Is Doomed to Be Without Solution

It is generally believed in academic circles that there have been two major turnings in modern philosophy. One was the shift from early ontological studies to epistemological studies, and the other was the shift from epistemology to language philosophy.The key figure in the former turning was Kant, while the latter turning occurred in the 1920s, with Wittgenstein at its core.Wittgenstein believed that philosophy is language analysis, and most of the disputes in the history of philosophy are caused by the misuse of language.The task of philosophy is to clarify the meaning of language.I believe that language philosophy is doomed to be without solution, and here are the reasons.First, there are as many different languages as there are people in the world.Because each person has his or her own cognitive world, different people must have different cognitions of the same objective world.There are no two people with identical cognitions in the world, unless two people completely overlap all the trajectories from birth to death, but this is impossible.With different cognitions, different people must use the same word to express the same objective phenomenon, and different people must have different understandings and give different meanings to the same word.That is to say, there are as many different people in the world as there are different meanings of a word. In this way, there will be as many languages as there are people in the world.Secondly, language itself cannot explain itself by itself.Thirdly, language philosophy will eventually fall into the logic quagmire of circular argument.Wittgenstein said that to imagine a language is to imagine a way of life.This actually means that language philosophy has returned to life itself.That is to say, language philosophy, which intends to deconstruct philosophy from the language in life and finally deconstruct life, but eventually returns to life itself, and returns to deconstructing language and language philosophy itself with life, which is actually a logical cycle.From the perspective of argument, this is a circular argument.Faced with the logic quagmire of circular argument, Wittgenstein had to give up his efforts to systematize language philosophy at the end of his life.He said, "I would like to dedicate a good book, but I failed, but the time has passed for me to improve it."In fact, no one can complete the task of "dedicating a good book".Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that the way to deconstruct philosophy and explore the way out of philosophy based on language is doomed to be without solution.Language philosophy is doomed to be without solution.But the innovation of language philosophy is that it provides a new space for philosophy. The true value of philosophy lies in its exploration and reflection. Okay, thank you. Thank you.