English Morphology--PRONOUN 指示代词
英语中表示空间和时间上的远近关系的词叫指示代词。this, that, these,those, such
这类词通常具有一定的上下文对应关系出现,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语,起限定作用,也称为限定词。
eg.
This placed him in a difficult position.这使得他处境困难。
That isn't what I meant at all.那根本不是我的意思。
He gave me these.他给了我这些东西。
What,have you finished all those I gave you?怎么,你们把我给你们的那些东西全用完了吗?
This time last year they were in Africa.去年的这个时候他们在非洲。
He entered college that autumn.那年秋季他上了大学。
指示代词还可以指示位置关系。this/these指距离说话人较近的人或事;that/those指空间或时间距离说话人较远的人或事。
eg.
Get this cat off my shoulder.把这只猫从我肩膀上赶走。
That is what I thought last year,this is what I think now.那是我去年的想法,而这是我现在的想法。
this和these常指即将要谈到的事物,由启下的作用;that常指前面讲过的事物,有承上的作用。
eg.
I want you to promise that.我希望你对此发誓。
So that is how the matter stands at present.那就是这事现在还停滞不前的原因。
that/those可用来代替前面已经出现过的名词,以避免重复。
eg.
My seat was next to that of the mayor.我的座位挨着市长。
His description didn;t answer to that of the thief.他的描述与小偷的说法不一致。
this /that可以综述前面所表达的内容,其功能相当于一个从句。
Our car broke down on the way to the airport.This made us late for the plane.我们的车在去机场的路上坏了,这使得我们没赶上飞机。
such可以指人或物,可指单数的人或物,也可指复数的人或物。
such还可以和all,fow,many等限定词搭配,如all such,few such,many such等。
【温馨提示】this/these离人的心理情感较近; that/those离人的心理情感较远。
What with this and that,I have been busy all day.
What I want to tell is this:"I'm not going ,no matter what you do."